Spike protein

Function The coronavirus spike protein (Spi, also called protein S) binds the virus to its host cell via the cell's receptor: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The trimeric 2019-nCoV Spi binds to ACE2 at least 10 times more tightly than SARS coronavirus . See also ACEII and SARS SARS-CoV-2 protein S SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutations Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the animation at SARS-CoV-2 protein S priming by furin and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein fusion transformation Disease Numerous viral diseases are causing world-shattering consequences and the current pandemic of CoVID-2019 is the recent one. Relevance The spike protein is a key target for potential therapies and diagnostics. Various antibodies are currently being tested as potential CoVID-2019 antiviral treatment. Structural highlights The SARS-CoV Spi receptor binding domain complex with its cellular receptor - ACE2 - shows the to ACE2 "hot spot". See Also SARS-CoV-2 protein S SARS-CoV-2 protein S priming by furin where the priming step induced by furin cleavage is animated. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein fusion transformation with an animation and explanation of the membrane fusion mechanism. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutations Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Prefusion 2019-nCoV spike glycoprotein with a single receptor-binding domain up about 6vsb Spike Protein (Hebrew) 3D Structures of spike protein Spike protein 3D structures Updated on 30-May-2025 {{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0| Human virus spike protein; Domain Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) 318-510; HR1 910-1054; HR2 1162-1286 5wrg, 5xlr, 6acc, 6acd – hscvSpi – human SARS-CoV – Cryo EM 6crv, 6crw, 6crx, 6crz, 6cs0, 6cs1 – hscvSpi (mutant) – Cryo EM 1wnc – hscvSpi HR1 motif 2fxp – hscvSpi HR2 motif - NMR 2ghv – hscvSpi RBD 5xjk – hscvSpi 758-821 - NMR 1wyy – hscvSpi 885-1189 1zv7, 1zv8, 1zva, 1zvb – hscvSpi 1150-1193 6u7h – hcv229Spi – human coronavirus 229E – Cryo EM 5zuv, 5zvm – hcv229Spi HR1 motif 785-873 5yl9, 5zhy – hcv229Spi HR1+HR2 motifs 5x58, 5x5b – Spi – human SARS coronavirus BJ01 – Cryo EM 6vsb, 6vxx, 6vyb – hsc2Spi – human SARS coronavirus 2 – Cryo EM 6lxt – hscSpi HR1+HR2 motifs 5szs – hcnSpi – human coronavirus NL63 - Cryo EM 2ieq – hcnSpi HR1+HR2 motifs 5gnb, 5kwb – Spi RBD - human beta coronavirus 6cv0 – Spi – infectious bronchitis coronavirus – Cryo EM 5fyn – Spi ectodomain - puumala virus - Cryo EM 5x59, 5x5c, 5x5f, 6q04, 6q05, 6q06, 6q07 – McvSpi – MERS coronavirus virus – Cryo EM 5x4r, 5x4s – McvSpi N-terminal – Cryo EM 5vyh – McvSpi N-terminal 4zpw, 4kqz – McvSpi RBD 4mod – McvSpi HR1+HR2 motifs 2lcz, 2lcy - ZevSpi fusion loop 507-560 - Zaire ebolavirus - NMR 2m5f, 2mb1 - ZevSpi fusion loop (mutant) - NMR Human virus spike protein complex 2ajf – hscvSpi RBD + ACEH 6nb6, 6nb7 – hscvSpi + antibody - Cryo EM 2ghw, 3bgf, 2dd8 – hscvSpi RBD + antibody 6lzg – hscvSpi RBD + ACE2 6acg, 6acj, 6ack, 6cs2 – hscvSpi + ACE2 - Cryo EM 6atk, 6u7f, 6u7g, 6u7e – hcv229Spi RBD + aminopeptidase 6m0j, 3d0g, 3d0h, 3d0i, 3sci, 3scj, 3sck, 3scl – hsc2Spi RBD + ACE2 5w41 – hsc2Spi RBD + antibody 3kbh – hcnSpi RBD + ACE2 4kr0 – McvSpi RBD + CD26 6pz8, 5w9h, 5w9i, 5w9j, 5w9k, 5w9l, 5w9m, 5w9n, 5w9o, 5w9p – McvSpi + antibody – Cryo EM 6j11 – McvSpi N-terminal + antibody 5yy5, 5zxv, 4zpt, 4zpv, 5do2, 6c6y, 6c6z, 4xak, 5gmq – McvSpi RBD + antibody 4l72 – McvSpi RBD + DPP4 5zvk – McvSpi HR1 motif 984-1062 + peptide inhibitor 6pci, 6qd8 – ZevSpi + antibody – Cryo EM 6uye – ZevSpi + SGP – Cryo EM Non-human virus spike protein 4h14 – Spi lectin domain 7-290 - bovine coronavirus 6b7n, 6bfu – Spi – porcine delta coronavirus – Cryo EM 6u7k, 6vv5 – Spi – porcine epidemic diarrhea virus – Cryo EM 6qfy – Spi lectin domain 15-300 - porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus > 6jhy – Spi N-terminal – camel coronavirus HKU23 6jx7 – Spi – feline infectious peritonitis virus – Cryo EM 1wdf, 1wdg – mhvSpi – murine hepatitis virus 3jcl – mhvSpi – Cryo EM 6b3o – mcvSpi residues 718-1252 - murine coronavirus - Cryo EM 5gyq – bcvSpi RBD - bat coronavirus 5xgr – bcvSpi C-terminal 6orj – Spi - Pseudomonas virus phikz164i 2vvd, 2vve – Spi RBD - Pseudoalteromonas phage PM2 3aqj – Spi 87-211 - Enterobacteria phage P2 Non-human virus spike protein complex 4fsc – Spi RBD + aminopeptidase – porcine respiratory coronavirus 6vsj – mcvSpi + MHV-R - Cryo EM 4qzv – bcvSpi RBD + DPP4 }}

spinqualitylabelsall models Human coronavirus NL63 spike glycoprotein (magenta) complex with its ligand ACE2 (green) (PDB code 3kbh) Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image