Signal transduction

Under development! Ligand Types of ligands Hormones and their receptors Hormone Growth factors Neurotransmitters Receptor Ion channels Chemical communication in arthropods Proton Channels Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (Nos1) is functioning in cell signaling and communication - a vital part of the nervous tissue. Chloride Ion Channel Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 2 Ivermectin bound to Glu gated chloride channel Membrane Channels & Pumps Ryanodine receptor Lipid signaling: Ceramide Sphingomyelinase (SMase) or sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase is a hydrolase involved in sphingolipid metabolism. It catalyzes the breakdown of sphingomyelin (SM) to phosphocholine and ceramide. Acid-beta-glucosidase or glucosylceramidase is a lysozomal enzyme (EC number 3.2.1.45), which cleaves glucosylceramide to glucose and ceramide. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the sphingolipid, , to at the acidic pH prevailing within the lysosome. . The molecular function of galactosylceramidase is hydrolysis of a O-glycosyl bond to remove galactose from ceramide and other sphingolipids. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Lysophosphatidic acid receptor#Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Glucosylceramide Acid-beta-glucosidase Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) binds to and directly activates inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Inward rectifier KCh. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor GPR40 Signaling Pathways: ABA Signaling Pathway ABA Signaling Pathway PYR/PYL/RCAR family of ABA receptors Protein Phosphatase 2C ABA-regulated SNRK2 Protein Kinase Protein Kinases: Calcium-dependent protein kinase Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Eukaryotic Protein Kinase Catalytic Domain Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase Tyrosine kinase Receptor tyrosine kinases Tyrosine kinase Janus kinase or tyrosine-protein kinase JAK (JAK) are nonreceptor tyrosine kinases which transduces cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. The JAK-STAT pathway transmits signals through the cell membrane to DNA promoters thus causing transcription. Protein kinase C Protein kinase C The sensitization of TRPV1 is thought to be connected to phosphorylation by protein kinase C and the cleavage of PIP2. MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2 p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2) CAMP-dependent protein kinase CAMP-dependent protein kinase CAMP Dependent Protein Kinase, Catalytic Subunit Protein Kinase A Chemotaxis: Chemotaxis protein, Histidine Kinase (HK) CheA relays signals from the transmembrane chemoreceptors (methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins/MCPs) to regulate bacterial chemotaxis. Molecular Playground/Cytoplasmic domain of chemoreceptor of Thermotoga maritima Molecular Playground/Bacterial Chemotaxis Receptors Molecular Playground/cytoplasmic domain of a serine chemotaxis receptor Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein Mechanotransduction: Fibronectin, Laminin, and Collagen can bind to receptors (integrins). CD44 is a glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions. CD44 is a receptor of hyaluronic acid (HA). Mechanosensitive channels are involved in touch, hearing, and in maintaining osmotic balance. Thermoception Heat Shock Proteins Transient receptor potential channels Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1 (TRPV1) Voltage-gated channels Voltage-gated calcium channels Voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.1 complex Potassium Channel Potassium channel toxin Visual phototransduction Light is detected by rhodopsin in rod and cone cells. Rhodopsin#Visual Signal Transduction Rhodopsin Structure and Function Photoreceptor pigments Retinal (in rhodopsin). Rhodopsin#Retinal Chromophore of Rhodopsin and Rhodopsin#Photoisomerization of 11-cis Retinal. Flavin (in cryptochrome). Cryptochrome 4 and JMS/cryptochrome. Circadian clock Circadian clock protein Circadian Clock Protein KaiC Period circadian protein Protein phosphatases: Protein Phosphatase 2C ABA-regulated Protein Phosphatase 2C Second messengers cAMP Adenylyl cyclase (ADCY, EC number 4.6.1.1), also known as adenylate cyclase, is an enzyme which catalyzes the cyclization of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Catabolite gene activator protein CAMP-dependent protein kinase CAMP-dependent protein kinase CAMP Dependent Protein Kinase, Catalytic Subunit Protein Kinase A IP3 Phospholipase C and PLC beta 3 Gq Receptors that activate this pathway (Phospholipase C) are mainly G protein-coupled receptors coupled to the Gαq subunit, including: 5-HT2 serotonergic receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor#Structural highlights/Specific Function of 5-HT2B). α1 adrenergic receptors Calcitonin receptors Histamine H1 receptor. The H1 receptor is a histamine receptor belonging to the family of rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors. The H1 receptor is linked to an intracellular G-protein (Gq) that activates phospholipase C and the inositol triphosphate signaling pathway. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor that is coupled to a Gq heterotrimeric G protein, the α-subunit of Gq can bind to and induce activity in the PLC isozyme PLC-β, which results in the cleavage of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 belong to group I and activate phospholipase C. For details see Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) contain 5 subtypes M1-M5. Subtypes M1, M3, M5 activate phospholipase C which leads to activation of protein kinase C. Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Paracrine signaling: fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily Fibroblast growth factor and Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). FGFR belongs to Receptor tyrosine kinases, class V. Sonic Hedgehog Sonic Hedgehog Protein patched homolog 1 (Ptch1) acts as receptor of Sonic Hedgehog protein (Shh) which is involved in formation of embryonic structures. Ca2+ signalling processes Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Calcium-dependent protein kinase Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Protein kinase C H+/K+-ATPase signal pathway (acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin) activates the pump in order to move the vesicles toward the lumen. Esomeprazole and H+/K+ - ATPase Interaction Proton pump Signal transducing adaptor proteins (STAPs) GRB, Growth factor receptor-bound protein and Grb10 SH2 Domain. MyD88, TIR domain-containing adapter protein. GTPase GTPase HRas. The Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines. They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2 p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2) Inflammatory response Aspirin Effects on Cyclooxygenase Cyclooxygenase Interleukin-10 YKL-40 Toll-like Receptors Phospholipase A2 C-X-C motif chemokine Cytokine receptors Allostery Hemoglobin Thrombin Molecular Playground/Caspase-7 Dynamics RNase A Oligomers ATPase ATPase

spinqualitylabelsall models Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor, PDB code 2bg9 Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image