File:1ert.png Crystal Structure of Thioredoxin 1ert Template:STRUCTURE 3kd0
FunctionFunction Thioredoxin (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates, in its reduced form, the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange[1]
Trx-1 is a mammalian cellular protein.Trx-2 is mitochondria-specific.In higher plants, Trx are divided to 6 groups based on their sequence. Trx M, X and Y are found in prokaryotes while F, H and O are found in eukaryotes.
RelevanceRelevance Serum Trx level is a predictor of steatohepatitis[2]
DiseaseDisease Trx is involved in a wide range of human diseases and conditions including cancer, viral diseases, aging, cardiac conditions and more[3]
Structural highlightsStructural highlights 3D Structures of Thioredoxin3D Structures of Thioredoxin Updated on 13-September-2016
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Thioredoxin
3e3e , 2hsh , 1aiu , 1erv , 1erw , 3m9j , 3m9k , 4oo4 – hTrx (mutant) – human2hxk , 2ifq , 2iiy – hTrx S-nitroso4oo5 - hTrx S-nitroso (mutant)1auc , 1ert , 1eru - hTrx1trs , 1tru , 1trv , 1trw , 3trx , 4trx - hTrx - NMR3hxs – BfTrx fragment – Bacteroides fragilis 3hyp - BfrxI fragment (mutant)3hz4 – Trx – Methanosarcina mazei 3die – SaTrx (mutant) – Staphylococcus aureus 2voc - BsTrx (mutant) – Bacillus subtilis 2gzy , 2gzz – BsTrx – NMR2h6x , 2trx , 1srx – EcTrx – Escherichia coli 1xoa , 1xob – EcTrx - NMR2tir , 4hua , 4hu9 , 4hu7 - EcTrx (mutant) 1m7t – hTrx/EcTrx chimera - NMR3emx – Trx – Aeropyrum pernix 2vim – Trx – Fasciola hepatica 2yzu , 2cvk , 1v98 , 4tn8 – TtTrx – Thermus thermophilus 2lst – TtTrx - NMR2e0q – Trx (mutant) – Sulfolobus tokodaii 2o7k – SaTrx2o85 , 2o87 , 2o89 – SaTrx (mutant)2i4a – Trx – Acetobacter aceti 2j23 – Trx – Malassezia sympodialis 2f51 – Trx – Trichomonas vaginalis 1t00 – Trx – Streptomyces coelicolor 1xw9 , 1xwa , 1xwb , 1xwc – Trx – Drosophila melanogaster 1rqm , 1nsw , 1nw2 – Trx (mutant) – Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius – NMR1syr – PfTrx – Plasmodium falciparum 2mmn , 2mmo - PfTrx - NMR1r26 – Trx – Trypanosoma brucei brucei 1gl8 – Trx – spinach - NMR1fo5 – Trx – Methanocaldococcus janaschii – NMR1quw – Trx – Bacillus acidocaldarius – NMR2l5l – Trx – Bacteroides vulgatus – NMR2xbi – SmTrx – Schistosoma mansoni 2xbq , 2xc2 – SmTrx (mutant)4i8b - Trx – Schistosoma japonicum 3zzx , 4aj8 , 4aj7 , 4aj6 , 4v2l , 4v2m , 4v2n – Trx – Litopenaeus vannamei 4fyu – Trx – Wuchereria bancrofti 4knd – Trx – Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans 3vfi – Trx – Silicabacter phage dss3ϕ23zij – BcTrx – Bacillus cereus 3zit - BcTrx (mutant)2k8s – Trx – Nitrosomonas europaea - NMR2l6c , 2l6d – Trx – Desulfovibrio vulgaris - NMR2yj7 , 2yn1 , 2yoi , 2ypm , 3ziv , 4ba7 – ancestral Trx – synthetic4pob – Trx – Mycobacterium abscessus 2ynx , 4ulx – Trx – Last Archaea Common Ancestor4cw9 - Trx (mutant) – Entamoeba histolytica 4wxt - Trx – Mycobacterium avium 5dbq - Trx – velvetbean caterpillarThioredoxin complexes
3kd0 - hTrx (mutant)+CdCl24pok , 4pol , 4pom - hTrx (mutant)+ thioethanesulfonate4puf - hTrx (mutant)+ E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase1cqg , 1cqh - hTrx (mutant)+Ref-1 peptide – NMR1mdi , 1mdj , 1mdk - hTrx + Target peptide of NFKB – NMR3dxb – hTrx+Puf60 C-terminal2k9f - Trx fragment+DsbD N-terminal – Neisseria meningitides – NMR2ipa – BsTrx (mutant)+ArcS (mutant) - NMRThioredoxin 1
3f3q , 2i9h – yTrx-1 – yeast3f3r – yTrx-1 (mutant)3dyr , 2h6y , 2h6z , 2h70 , 2h71 , 2h72 , 2h73 , 2h74 , 2h75 , 2h76 , 2fch , 2fd3 , 1keb , 2eio , 2eiq , 2eir , 1zcp , 1zzy , 1txx , 1tho – EcTrx-1 (mutant) 1f6m – EcTrx-1+Trx reductase+AADP+2o8v - EcTrx-1 (mutant) + PAPS reductase2ajq – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase – Enterobacteria phage T71zyq – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ATP1x9m , 1x9s , 1x9w – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+N-2-acetylaminofluorene-adducted DNA1t8e , 1skr , 1sks , 1skw , 1sl0 , 1sl1 , 1sl2 , 1t7p – EpTrx-1 +DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCTP1tk0 , 1tk8 , 1tkd – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ nucleotide +8-oxo-guanosine1tk5 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+8-oxo-guanosine2bto – Trx-1+tubulin btuba – Prosthecobacter dejongeii 1oaz – Trx-1+immunoglobulin E – rat3tco - SsTrx-1 fragment – Sulfolobus solfataricus 4j57 , 4j56 – PfTrx-1 + Trx reductase (mutant)3zl5 – SmTrx-1 (mutant)Thioredoxin 2
1w4v , 1w89 , 1uvz – hTrx-2 3hhv – SsTrx-2 fragment 2fa4 – yTrx-22hsy – yTrx-2 - NMR3pin - yTrx-2+peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase4dss – yTrx-2 + peroxiredoxin-22ppt – Trx-2 – Rhodobacter capsulatus 1thx – Trx-2 – Anabaena3ul3 , 4o32 – PfTrx-2Thioredoxin 3
Thioredoxin C
2i1u – MtTrx C – Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2l4q , 2l59 – MtTrx C - NMR3nof – MtTrx (mutant)3o6t – MtTrx (mutant)+quinolThioredoxin F
2pu9 – SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase – Synechocystis2pvo - SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase+ferredoxin 11f9m – sTrx F – spinach1faa - sTrx F (mutant)Thioredoxin H
3d21 – pTrx H – poplar3d22 - pTrx H (mutant)1ti3 - pTrx H - NMR2vlt , 2vlu , 2vlv , 2vm1 , 2vm2 - bTrx H – barley2iwt - bTrx H+α-amylase subtilisin inhibitor1wmj – Trx H – Oryza sativa – NMR1xfl – Trx H – Arabidopsis thaliana - NMR1ep7 – CrTrx H – Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 1ep8 - CrTrx H (mutant)1tof - CrTrx H - NMRThioredoxin M
2puk - SsTrx M+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase1fb0 , 1fb6 - sTrx M1dby – CrTrx M – NMRReferencesReferences
↑ Gleason FK, Holmgren A. Thioredoxin and related proteins in procaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1988 Dec;4(4):271-97. PMID:3152490
↑ Sumida Y, Nakashima T, Yoh T, Furutani M, Hirohama A, Kakisaka Y, Nakajima Y, Ishikawa H, Mitsuyoshi H, Okanoue T, Kashima K, Nakamura H, Yodoi J. Serum thioredoxin levels as a predictor of steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2003 Jan;38(1):32-8. PMID:12480557
↑ Burke-Gaffney A, Callister ME, Nakamura H. Thioredoxin: friend or foe in human disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Aug;26(8):398-404. PMID:15990177 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.005
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