FunctionFunction
Thioredoxin (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates, in its reduced form, the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange[1]. They contain a CXXC motif.
- Trx-1 is a mammalian cellular protein.
- Trx-2 is mitochondria-specific.
In higher plants, Trx are divided to 6 groups based on their sequence. Trx M, X and Y are found in prokaryotes while F, H and O are found in eukaryotes.
RelevanceRelevance
Serum Trx level is a predictor of steatohepatitis[2].
DiseaseDisease
Trx is involved in a wide range of human diseases and conditions including cancer, viral diseases, aging, cardiac conditions and more[3].
Structural highlightsStructural highlights
3D Structures of Thioredoxin3D Structures of Thioredoxin
Updated on 13-September-2016
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- Thioredoxin
- 3e3e, 2hsh, 1aiu, 1erv, 1erw, 3m9j, 3m9k, 4oo4 – hTrx (mutant) – human
- 2hxk, 2ifq, 2iiy – hTrx S-nitroso
- 4oo5 - hTrx S-nitroso (mutant)
- 1auc, 1ert, 1eru, 1trs, 1tru, 1trv, 1trw, 3trx, 4trx - hTrx
- 3hxs – BfTrx fragment – Bacteroides fragilis
- 3hyp - BfrxI fragment (mutant)
- 3hz4 – Trx – Methanosarcina mazei
- 3die – SaTrx (mutant) – Staphylococcus aureus
- 2voc - BsTrx (mutant) – Bacillus subtilis
- 2gzy, 2gzz – BsTrx – NMR
- 2h6x, 2trx, 1srx – EcTrx
- 1xoa, 1xob – EcTrx - NMR
- 1m7t – hTrx/EcTrx chimera - NMR
- 3emx – Trx – Aeropyrum pernix
- 2vim – Trx – Fasciola hepatica
- 2yzu, 2cvk, 1v98, 4tn8 – TtTrx – Thermus thermophilus
- 2lst – TtTrx - NMR
- 2e0q – Trx (mutant) – Sulfolobus tokodaii
- 2o7k – SaTrx
- 2o85, 2o87, 2o89 – SaTrx (mutant)
- 2i4a – Trx – Acetobacter aceti
- 2j23 – Trx – Malassezia sympodialis
- 2f51 – Trx – Trichomonas vaginalis
- 1t00 – Trx – Streptomyces coelicolor
- 1xw9, 1xwa, 1xwb, 1xwc – Trx – Drosophila melanogaster
- 1rqm, 1nsw, 1nw2 – Trx (mutant) – Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius – NMR
- 1syr – PfTrx – Plasmodium falciparum
- 2mmn, 2mmo - PfTrx - NMR
- 1r26 – Trx – Trypanosoma brucei brucei
- 1gl8 – Trx – spinach - NMR
- 1fo5 – Trx – Methanocaldococcus janaschii – NMR
- 1quw – Trx – Bacillus acidocaldarius – NMR
- 2l5l – Trx – Bacteroides vulgatus – NMR
- 2tir, 4hua, 4hu9, 4hu7 - EcTrx (mutant) – Escherichia coli
- 2xbi – SmTrx – Schistosoma mansoni
- 2xbq, 2xc2 – SmTrx (mutant)
- 4i8b - Trx – Schistosoma japonicum
- 3zzx, 4aj8, 4aj7, 4aj6, 4v2l, 4v2m, 4v2n – Trx – Litopenaeus vannamei
- 4fyu – Trx – Wuchereria bancrofti
- 4knd – Trx – Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans
- 3vfi – Trx – Silicabacter phage dss3ϕ2
- 3zij – BcTrx – Bacillus cereus
- 3zit - BcTrx (mutant)
- 2k8s – Trx – Nitrosomonas europaea - NMR
- 2l6c, 2l6d – Trx – Desulfovibrio vulgaris - NMR
- 2yj7, 2yn1, 2yoi, 2ypm, 3ziv, 4ba7 – ancestral Trx – synthetic
- 4pob – Trx – Mycobacterium abscessus
- 2ynx, 4ulx – Trx – Last Archaea Common Ancestor
- 4cw9 - Trx (mutant) – Entamoeba histolytica
- 4wxt - Trx – Mycobacterium avium
- Thioredoxin complexes
- 3kd0 - hTrx (mutant)+CdCl2
- 4pok, 4pol, 4pom - hTrx (mutant)+ thioethanesulfonate
- 4puf - hTrx (mutant)+ E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase
- 1cqg, 1cqh - hTrx (mutant)+Ref-1 peptide – NMR
- 1mdi, 1mdj, 1mdk - hTrx + Target peptide of NFKB – NMR
- 3dxb – hTrx+Puf60 C-terminal
- 2k9f - Trx fragment+DsbD N-terminal – Neisseria meningitides – NMR
- 2ipa – BsTrx (mutant)+ArcS (mutant) - NMR
- Thioredoxin 1
- 3f3q, 2i9h – yTrx-1 – yeast
- 3f3r – yTrx-1 (mutant)
- 3dyr, 2h6y, 2h6z, 2h70, 2h71, 2h72, 2h73, 2h74, 2h75, 2h76, 2fch, 2fd3, 1keb, 2eio, 2eiq, 2eir, 1zcp, 1zzy, 1txx, 1tho – EcTrx-1 (mutant)
- 1f6m – EcTrx-1+Trx reductase+AADP+
- 2o8v - EcTrx-1 (mutant) + PAPS reductase
- 2ajq – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase – Enterobacteria phage T7
- 1zyq – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ATP
- 1x9m, 1x9s, 1x9w – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+N-2-acetylaminofluorene-adducted DNA
- 1t8e – EpTrx-1 +DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCTP
- 1tk0 – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddCTP+8-oxo-guanosine
- 1tk5 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+8-oxo-guanosine
- 1tk8 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dAMP+8-oxo-guanosine
- 1tkd - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCMP+8-oxo-guanosine
- 1skr - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddATP
- 1sks, 1skw, 1sl0, 1sl1, 1sl2 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+thymine
- 1t7p - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddAMP+ddGTP
- 2bto – Trx-1+tubulin btuba – Prosthecobacter dejongeii
- 1oaz – Trx-1+immunoglobulin E – rat
- 3tco - SsTrx-1 fragment – Sulfolobus solfataricus
- 4j57, 4j56 – PfTrx-1 + Trx reductase (mutant)
- 3zl5 – SmTrx-1 (mutant)
- Thioredoxin 2
- 1w4v, 1w89, 1uvz – hTrx-2
- 3hhv – SsTrx-2 fragment
- 2fa4 – yTrx-2
- 2hsy – yTrx-2 - NMR
- 3pin - yTrx-2+peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase
- 4dss – yTrx-2 + peroxiredoxin-2
- 2ppt – Trx-2 – Rhodobacter capsulatus
- 1thx – Trx-2 – Anabaena
- 3ul3, 4o32 – PfTrx-2
- Thioredoxin 3
- Thioredoxin C
- 2i1u – MtTrx C – Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- 2l4q, 2l59 – MtTrx C - NMR
- 3nof – MtTrx (mutant)
- 3o6t – MtTrx (mutant)+quinol
- Thioredoxin F
- 2pu9 – SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase – Synechocystis
- 2pvo - SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase+ferredoxin 1
- 1f9m – sTrx F – spinach
- 1faa - sTrx F (mutant)
- Thioredoxin H
- 3d21 – pTrx H – poplar
- 3d22 - pTrx H (mutant)
- 1ti3 - pTrx H - NMR
- 2vlt, 2vlu, 2vlv, 2vm1, 2vm2 - bTrx H – barley
- 2iwt - bTrx H+α-amylase subtilisin inhibitor
- 1wmj – Trx H – Oryza sativa – NMR
- 1xfl – Trx H – Arabidopsis thaliana - NMR
- 1ep7 – CrTrx H – Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
- 1ep8 - CrTrx H (mutant)
- 1tof - CrTrx H - NMR
- Thioredoxin M
- 2puk - SsTrx M+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase
- 1fb0, 1fb6 - sTrx M
- 1dby – CrTrx M – NMR
ReferencesReferences
- ↑ Gleason FK, Holmgren A. Thioredoxin and related proteins in procaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1988 Dec;4(4):271-97. PMID:3152490
- ↑ Sumida Y, Nakashima T, Yoh T, Furutani M, Hirohama A, Kakisaka Y, Nakajima Y, Ishikawa H, Mitsuyoshi H, Okanoue T, Kashima K, Nakamura H, Yodoi J. Serum thioredoxin levels as a predictor of steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2003 Jan;38(1):32-8. PMID:12480557
- ↑ Burke-Gaffney A, Callister ME, Nakamura H. Thioredoxin: friend or foe in human disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Aug;26(8):398-404. PMID:15990177 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.005
