Thioredoxin
Thioredoxin (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange. They contain a CXXC motif. Trx-1 is a mammalian cellular protein. Trx-2 is mitochondria-specific. In higher plants, Trx are divided to 6 groups based on their sequence. Trx M, X and Y are found in prokaryotes while F, H and O are found in eukaryotes. The images at the left and at the right correspond to one representative Trx, i.e. the crystal structure of human Thioredoxin (1ert).
3D Structures of Thioredoxin3D Structures of Thioredoxin
TrxTrx
3e3e, 2hsh, 1aiu, 1erv, 1erw – hTrx (mutant) – human
1cqg, 1cqh - hTrx (mutant)+Ref-1 peptide – NMR
1mdi, 1mdj, 1mdk - hTrx + Target peptide of NFKB – NMR
2hxk, 2ifq, 2iiy – hTrx S-nitroso
1auc, 1ert, 1eru, 1trs, 1tru, 1trv, 1trw, 3trx, 4trx - hTrx
3hxs – BfTrx fragment – Bacteroides fragilis
3hyp - BfrxI fragment (mutant)
3hz4 – Trx – Methanosarcina mazei
2k9f - Trx fragment+DsbD N-terminal – Neisseria meningitides – NMR
3die – SaTrx (mutant) – Staphylococcus aureus
2voc - BsTrx (mutant) – Bacillus subtilis
2gzy, 2gzz – BsTrx – NMR
2ipa – BsTrx (mutant)+ArcS (mutant) - NMR
2h6x, 2trx, 1srx – EcTrx
1xoa, 1xob – EcTrx - NMR
1m7t – hTrx/EcTrx chimera - NMR
3dxb – hTrx+Puf60 C-terminal
3emx – Trx – Aeropyrum pernix
2vim – Trx – Fasciola hepatica
2yzu, 2cvk, 1v98 – TtTrx – Thermus thermophilus
2e0q – Trx (mutant) – Sulfolobus tokodaii
2o7k – SaTrx
2o85, 2o87, 2o89 – SaTrx (mutant)
2i4a – Trx – Acetobacter aceti
2j23 – Trx – Malassezia sympodialis
2f51 – Trx – Trichomonas vaginalis
1t00 – Trx – Streptomyces coelicolor
1xw9, 1xwa, 1xwb, 1xwc – Trx – Drosophila melanogaster
1rqm, 1nsw, 1nw2 – Trx (mutant) – Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius – NMR
1syr – Trx – Plasmodium falciparum
1r26 – Trx – Trypanosoma brucei brucei
1gl8 – Trx – spinach- NMR
1fo5 – Trx – Methanocaldococcus janaschii – NMR
1quw – Trx – Bacillus acidocaldarius – NMR
Trx-1Trx-1
3f3q, 2i9h – yTrx-1 – yeast 3f3r – yTrx-1 (mutant) 3dyr, 2h6y, 2h6z, 2h70, 2h71, 2h72, 2h73, 2h74, 2h75, 2h76, 2fch, 2fd3, 1keb, 2eio, 2eiq, 2eir, 1zcp, 1zzy, 1txx, 1tho, 1tir – EcTrx-1 (mutant) – Escherichia coli 1f6m – EcTrx-1+Trx reductase+AADP+ 2ajq – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase – Enterobacteria phage T7 1zyq – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ATP 1x9m, 1x9s, 1x9w – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+N-2-acetylaminofluorene-adducted DNA 1t8e – EpTrx-1 +DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCTP 1tk0 – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddCTP+8-oxo-guanosine 1tk5 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+8-oxo-guanosine 1tk8 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dAMP+8-oxo-guanosine 1tkd - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCMP+8-oxo-guanosine 1skr - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddATP 1sks, 1skw, 1sl0, 1sl1, 1sl2 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+thymine 1t7p - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddAMP+ddGTP 2bto – Trx-1+tubulin btuba – prosthecobacter dejongeii 1oaz – Trx-1+immunoglobulin E – rat
Trx-2Trx-2
1w4v, 1w89, 1uvz – hTrx-2 3hhv – Trx-2 fragment – Sulfolobus solfataricus 2fa4 – yTrx-2 2ppt – Trx-2 – Rhodobacter capsulatus 2hsy – yTrx-2 - NMR 1thx – Trx-2 – Anabaena
Trx-3Trx-3
2oe0, 2oe1, 2oe3 – yTrx-3
Trx CTrx C
2i1u – Trx C – Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Trx FTrx F
2pu9 – SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase – Synechocystis 2pvo - SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase+ferredoxin 1 1f9m – sTrx F – spinach 1faa - sTrx F (mutant)
Trx HTrx H
3d21 – pTrx H – poplar 3d22 - pTrx H (mutant) 1ti3 - pTrx H - NMR 2vlt, 2vlu, 2vlv, 2vm1, 2vm2 - bTrx H – barley 2iwt - bTrx H+alpha-amylase subtilisin inhibitor 1wmj – Trx H – Oryza sativa – NMR 1xfl – Trx H – Arabidopsis thaliana - NMR 1ep7 – CrTrx H – Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 1ep8 - CrTrx H (mutant) 1tof - CrTrx H - NMR
Trx MTrx M
2puk - SsTrx M+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase 1fb0, 1fb6 - sTrx M