Interferon regulatory factor

Function

Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) regulate transcription of interferons^[1].

IRF-1 functions as a transcriptional activator by binding to an interferon-stimulated response element in the gene promoter^[2].
IRF-3 and IRF-7 are activated by viruses or after binding to Toll-like receptors^[3].
IRF-4 is lymphoid-specific and functions in the development of immune cells^[4].
IRF-9 is a conductor of the cellular responses to interferons^[5].

Relevance

Inhibition of IRF-5 may treat autoimmune diseases. Increased level of IRF-5 may help weak immune systems^[6]. IRF-9 has a critical role in cerebral ischemic stroke^[7].

Disease

Deficiency in IRF-2 compromises development of natural killer cells and T helper cells^[8].

Structure of mouse interferon regulatory factor DNA-binding domain dimer complex with DNA (PDB entry 1if1)

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

3D structures of interferon regulatory factor3D structures of interferon regulatory factor

Updated on 01-June-2023

ReferencesReferences

↑ Paun A, Pitha PM. The IRF family, revisited. Biochimie. 2007 Jun-Jul;89(6-7):744-53. Epub 2007 Feb 20. PMID:17399883 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2007.01.014
↑ Oshima S, Nakamura T, Namiki S, Okada E, Tsuchiya K, Okamoto R, Yamazaki M, Yokota T, Aida M, Yamaguchi Y, Kanai T, Handa H, Watanabe M. Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2 distinctively up-regulate gene expression and production of interleukin-7 in human intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Jul;24(14):6298-310. PMID:15226432 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.24.14.6298-6310.2004
↑ Weaver BK, Kumar KP, Reich NC. Interferon regulatory factor 3 and CREB-binding protein/p300 are subunits of double-stranded RNA-activated transcription factor DRAF1. Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Mar;18(3):1359-68. PMID:9488451
↑ Raczkowski F, Ritter J, Heesch K, Schumacher V, Guralnik A, Hocker L, Raifer H, Klein M, Bopp T, Harb H, Kesper DA, Pfefferle PI, Grusdat M, Lang PA, Mittrucker HW, Huber M. The transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 is required for the generation of protective effector CD8+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Sep 10;110(37):15019-24. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1309378110. Epub 2013 Aug 26. PMID:23980171 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1309378110
↑ Suprunenko T, Hofer MJ. The emerging role of interferon regulatory factor 9 in the antiviral host response and beyond. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2016 Jun;29:35-43. doi:, 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.002. Epub 2016 Mar 4. PMID:26987614 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.002
↑ Barnes B, Lubyova B, Pitha PM. On the role of IRF in host defense. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2002 Jan;22(1):59-71. PMID:11846976 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/107999002753452665
↑ Chen HZ, Guo S, Li ZZ, Lu Y, Jiang DS, Zhang R, Lei H, Gao L, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhu LH, Xiang M, Zhou Y, Wan Q, Dong H, Liu DP, Li H. A critical role for interferon regulatory factor 9 in cerebral ischemic stroke. J Neurosci. 2014 Sep 3;34(36):11897-912. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1545-14.2014. PMID:25186738 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1545-14.2014
↑ Lohoff M, Duncan GS, Ferrick D, Mittrucker HW, Bischof S, Prechtl S, Rollinghoff M, Schmitt E, Pahl A, Mak TW. Deficiency in the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-2 leads to severely compromised development of natural killer and T helper type 1 cells. J Exp Med. 2000 Aug 7;192(3):325-36. PMID:10934221

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Michal Harel, Alexander Berchansky

[1] Paun A, Pitha PM. The IRF family, revisited. Biochimie. 2007 Jun-Jul;89(6-7):744-53. Epub 2007 Feb 20. PMID:17399883 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2007.01.014

[2] Oshima S, Nakamura T, Namiki S, Okada E, Tsuchiya K, Okamoto R, Yamazaki M, Yokota T, Aida M, Yamaguchi Y, Kanai T, Handa H, Watanabe M. Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2 distinctively up-regulate gene expression and production of interleukin-7 in human intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Jul;24(14):6298-310. PMID:15226432 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.24.14.6298-6310.2004

[3] Weaver BK, Kumar KP, Reich NC. Interferon regulatory factor 3 and CREB-binding protein/p300 are subunits of double-stranded RNA-activated transcription factor DRAF1. Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Mar;18(3):1359-68. PMID:9488451

[4] Raczkowski F, Ritter J, Heesch K, Schumacher V, Guralnik A, Hocker L, Raifer H, Klein M, Bopp T, Harb H, Kesper DA, Pfefferle PI, Grusdat M, Lang PA, Mittrucker HW, Huber M. The transcription factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 is required for the generation of protective effector CD8+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Sep 10;110(37):15019-24. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1309378110. Epub 2013 Aug 26. PMID:23980171 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1309378110

[5] Suprunenko T, Hofer MJ. The emerging role of interferon regulatory factor 9 in the antiviral host response and beyond. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2016 Jun;29:35-43. doi:, 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.002. Epub 2016 Mar 4. PMID:26987614 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.002

[6] Barnes B, Lubyova B, Pitha PM. On the role of IRF in host defense. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2002 Jan;22(1):59-71. PMID:11846976 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/107999002753452665

[7] Chen HZ, Guo S, Li ZZ, Lu Y, Jiang DS, Zhang R, Lei H, Gao L, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhu LH, Xiang M, Zhou Y, Wan Q, Dong H, Liu DP, Li H. A critical role for interferon regulatory factor 9 in cerebral ischemic stroke. J Neurosci. 2014 Sep 3;34(36):11897-912. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1545-14.2014. PMID:25186738 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1545-14.2014

[8] Lohoff M, Duncan GS, Ferrick D, Mittrucker HW, Bischof S, Prechtl S, Rollinghoff M, Schmitt E, Pahl A, Mak TW. Deficiency in the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-2 leads to severely compromised development of natural killer and T helper type 1 cells. J Exp Med. 2000 Aug 7;192(3):325-36. PMID:10934221

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