Ricin: Difference between revisions

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Andrea Gorrell, Douglas Read, David Canner, Michal Harel, Wayne Decatur, Alexander Berchansky, Ann Taylor, Jaime Prilusky, Joel L. Sussman, Angel Herraez

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 ==Introduction==
-	'''Ricin''' is a potent cytotoxin that is synthesized in the endosperm cells of maturing Riccinus seeds(1). Ricin belongs to a small multi gene family(2) that is composed of eight members. It is also important to mention that Ricin is classified as a type II heterodimeric Ribosome Inactivatiing protein(1).
+	'''Ricin''' is a potent cytotoxin that is synthesized in the endosperm cells of maturing castor oil plant ('''Ricinus communis''') seeds<ref name="lord">PMID: 8119491</ref>. Ricin belongs to a small multi-gene family<ref name="montfort">PMID: 3558397</ref> that is composed of eight members. Ricin is classified as a type II heterodimeric [[Ribosome]] Inactivatiing protein<ref name="lord" />.
 ==Structure==
-	<scene name='Sandbox_180/Act1/1'>Ricin</scene> is a heterodimer that consists of a 32,000 Dalton A chain glycoprotein linked by a disulfide bond to a 32,000 Dalton B chain glycoprotein(2). The A chain enzyme is a globular protein with extensive secondary structure and a predominate active site(2); where the B chain is a lectin(2) that binds to galactose-containing surface receptors(3).
+	<scene name='Sandbox_180/Act1/1'>Ricin</scene> is a heterodimer that consists of a 32 kilodalton A chain glycoprotein linked by a disulfide bond to a 32 kilodalton B chain glycoprotein<ref name="montfort" />. The A chain enzyme is a globular protein with extensive secondary structure and a predominate active site<ref name="montfort" />; where the B chain is a lectin<ref name="lord" /> that binds to galactose-containing surface receptors<ref name = "rapak">PMID: 9108055</ref>.
 __NOTOC__
 ==Physiology==
-	The mechanism deployed by Ricin to gain entry to a host cell uses the heterogenic properties given to the toxin. Firstly the toxin arranges itself in such a way where its B chain can easily interact with the host cells receptors, and once acknowledgement happens, the B chain can fascilitate transport of the A chain into the cytoplasm(2). This association between the A and B chain is essential for toxicity(2) without it the Ricin would not be able to gain access to the cells organelles rendering it useless. Once the A chain gains entry into the cytosol its mechanism for attack of the ribosome is depurination of a single endenosine residue in 28S Ribosomal RNA(3) and this inhibits protein synthesis
+	The mechanism deployed by Ricin to gain entry to a host cell uses the heterogenic properties given to the toxin. Firstly the toxin arranges itself in such a way where its B chain can easily interact with the host cells receptors, and once acknowledgement happens, the B chain can fascilitate transport of the A chain into the cytoplasm<ref name="montfort" />. This association between the A and B chain is essential for toxicity<ref name="montfort" /> without it the Ricin would not be able to gain access to the cells organelles rendering it useless. Once the A chain gains entry into the cytosol its mechanism for attack of the [[Ribosome|ribosome]] is depurination of a single endenosine residue in large RNA of the [[Large Ribosomal Subunit of Haloarcula|large ribosomal subunit]]<ref name="rapak" />, which in humans is called the 28S ribosomal RNA because of its sedimentation properties during ultracentrifugation. This depurination in turn results in the inhibition of protein synthesis.
 ==3D structures of ricin==
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 [[1apg]] – RTA + RNA
+==See Also==
+* [[Ribosome]]
+* [[Large Ribosomal Subunit of Haloarcula|Large Ribosomal Subunit]]
+* [[Translation]]
 ==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-. Lord, Michael J., Roberts, Lynne M., Robertus, Jon D. Ricin: structure, mode of action, and some current applications. The FSEB journal. Vol 8. 1994.
-. Ernst, Stephen R., Hamlin, Ron., Katsen, Betsy., Montfort, William., Monzingo, Arthur F., Robertus, Jon D., Rutenbur, Earl., Villafranca, Jesus E., Xuong, Nuyhen H. The Three Dimensional  Structure of Ricin at 2.8 Angstrom. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Vol 262, No 11, pp. 5398-5403.1987.
-. Falnes, Pal., Olsnes, Sjur., Rapak, Andrzej. Retrograde Transport of Mutant Ricin to the Endoplasmic Recticulum with subsequent translocation to Cytosol. Cell Biology, Vol 94, pp. 3783-3788. 1997.