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<StructureSection load='3fgc' size='500' side='right' caption='Structure of Bacterial Luciferase and FMN complex from ''V. harveyi'' (PDB entry [[3fgc]])' scene=''> | |||
==Introduction== | |||
Luciferases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of a long chain aliphatic aldehydes the emission of blue-green light. The luciferase found in ''''Vibrio harveyi'''' is a heterodimer that is composed of a catalytic α subunit and a homologous but noncatalytic β subunit. This reaction results in the formation of a carboxylic acid, reduced flavinmononucleotide and the emission of photons in the form of blue-green light. The catalytic α subunit houses the active site and is connected to the β subunit via a single interatcion between the mobile loop and the α subunit at α Phe 272 and Tyr 151 of the β subunit. | |||
==Mechanism== | |||
Luciferase found in''''V. Harveyi'''' binds noncovalently to a reduced flavin mononucleotide cofactor, an aliphatic aldehyde and oxygen to yield oxidized flavin mononucleotide, water, and carboxylic acid. The reaction occurs in two steps forming a hydroxyflavin intermediate and ultimately results in the oxidation of the aldehyde and emission of photons<ref Campbell, Z.T.>PMID: 19435287</ref>. | |||
<p>FMNH<sub>2</sub>+O<sub>2</sub>+RCHO→FMN+RCOOH+H<sub>2</sub>O+hv(490nm)</p> | |||
The catalytic α subunit houses the FMN cofactor and is connected to the β subunit via a hairpin structure called the "<scene name='User:Mitchell_Long/Sandbox_1/Protease_labile_region/3'>Mobile loop</scene>." The organic substrate for bacterial luciferase in vivo is myristic aldehyde, although many aliphatic aldehydes of various lengths can induce bioluminescence in vitro<ref name=Waters, C.M.>PMID: 17015436</ref>. Oxygen is needed for light generation, no bioluminescent activity occurs in anaerobic conditions<ref name=Waters, C.M.>PMID: 17015436</ref>. | |||
<p><scene name='User:Mitchell_Long/Sandbox_1/Luciferase_w_out_cofactor/1'>Luciferase with no bound cofactor</scene> </p> | |||
<p><scene name='User:Mitchell_Long/Sandbox_1/Hetero_fmn_complex/1'>Luciferase+FMN</scene></p> | |||
<p><scene name='User:Mitchell_Long/Sandbox_1/Hetero_fmn_complex_translucent/1'>FMN Positioning</scene></p> | |||
==Structural Motifs== | ==Structural Motifs== | ||
<p>'''Structure homology'''-There is a great deal of sequence homology and structural coservation between the α and β subunits. When superimposed over the barrels of the alpha and beta subunits with a deviation of 0.62Å for 42 equivalent α carbons. The region of the beta subunit that contains the 29 residue deletion with respect to the alpha subunit differs notably in arrangement<ref name=Fisher, A.J.>PMID: 7756289</ref> . In the alpha subunit, the α7a helix is straight and extends toward the beta subunit. The region involved with dimerization, helices α and β are exceptionally similar in superposition. | |||
</p> | |||
<p>'''Active Site and Alpha Subunit'''-the <scene name='User:Mitchell_Long/Sandbox_1/Yellow_sheets/1'>flavin binding pocket</scene> of bacterial luciferase is a large open cavity that is accessible to solvent via an opening located at the C-terminal ends of the ǰ strands of the TIM-barrel structure<ref Campbell, Z.T.>PMID: 19435287</ref>. During the first step of the oxidation reaction, FMNH<sub>2</sub> binds to the flavin binding pocket and the enzyme undergoes a conformational change that blocks water in the surrounding environment from accessing both the excited peroxydihydroflavin intermediate. Next, O<sub>2</sub> and a long chain aldehyde bind to the FMNH<sub>2</sub> luciferase complex and a two step oxidatino reaction occurs. | |||
.</p> | |||
<scene name='User:Mitchell_Long/Sandbox_1/Hetero_translucent/1'>Heterodimer</scene> | |||
<p><scene name='User:Mitchell_Long/Sandbox_1/Fmn_in_barrel/1'>FMN bound Heterodimer</scene></p> | |||
<p><scene name='User:Mitchell_Long/Sandbox_1/Phe272_tyr151_interface/1'>Phe 272 Tyr 151 interface</scene></p> | |||
<p>'''The β subunit'''-The beta subunit is characterized as a necessary but non-catalytic subunit that stabilizes the catalytic α subunit that is responsible for the oxidation reaction. The beta and alpha subunits are connected by a single interaction between the <scene name='User:Mitchell_Long/Sandbox_1/Phe272_tyr151_interface/1'>Phe 272 Tyr 151 interface</scene> | |||
</p> | |||
<p>'''Mobile Loop'''- Residues 272-288 on the α are known as the mobile loop. This portion of the alpha subunit contains a single residue that forms a salt bridge with the beta subunit and stabilizes the active site<ref Campbell, Z.T.>PMID: 19435287</ref>. | |||
</p> | |||
<p> | |||
(β/α)<SUB>8</SUB> TIM Barrel- The tertiary structure of the α and β subunits is very similar. While both the alpha and beta subunits are similar, the alpha subunit contains an extra 29 residues that the beta lacks. Both subunits fold into a single-domain eight-stranded β/α barrel motif. the two subunits assemble around a parallel four-helix bundle centered on a pseudo 2-fold axis that relates the alpha and beta subunits<ref Campbell, Z.T.>PMID: 19435287</ref>. | |||
.</p> | |||
</StructureSection> | |||
{{STRUCTURE_3fgc| PDB=3fgc | SCENE= }} | |||
==Applications In Biotechnology== | |||
Luciferases are most commonly used as reporter genes by transduction or transfection assays. Reporter genes are inserted into an organism with a gene of interest. This is a powerful method of measuring gene expression because it is non-invasive. Genes for luciferase can paired with an inducible operon. When the gene for luciferase and the gene of interest are incorporated into the host genome, they can "turned on" by induction. Once the desired gene is turned on, gene expression can be determined by the intensity of the light produced by transcription of the gene of interest. | |||
==Quorum Sensing== | |||
In a process known as quorum sensing, bacteria communicate using secreted signal molecules called autoinducers(AIs). ''''V. harveyi'''' is a mesophilic, gram negative, rod shaped bacteria that can communicate with other bacteria via quorum sensing. Quorum-sensing bacteria alter gene expression in response to the accumulation of AIs, which reflects an increase in cell population density<ref name=Waters, C.M.>PMID: 17015436</ref>. This process is believed to provide bacteria a means to coordinately control the gene expression of the group, giving them multicellular characteristics. When bacteria reach a "quorum," their population has reached a density high enough to coordinate gene expression<ref name=Waters, C.M.>PMID: 17015436</ref>. Often, bacteria make and respond to multiple AIs. Vibrio harveyi, a free-living marine bacterium, produces at least three distinct AIs to control bioluminescence, biofilm formation, Type III Secretion (TTS), and protease production. When a bacterial population density is low, the LuxI gene is transcribed constitutively at basal level. The three V. harveyi AIs are HAI-1, an acyl homoserine lactone; AI-2, a furanosyl-borate-diester; and CAI-1, of unknown structure<ref name=Waters, C.M.>PMID: 17015436</ref>. When the population density reaches an adequate level, the conjugate receptor LuxR begins transcription. LuxR is the regulatory receptor, and when an AI binds the the LuxR receptor, transcription is turned on resulting in the production of more AI and the expression of other genes involved in quorum sensing. When '''V. harveyi''' reaches a high enough population density, it's quorum sensing genes are activated and the transcription of the genes that code for the luciferase enzyme. | |||
<ref Campbell, Z.T.>PMID: 19435287</ref> | |||
<ref name=Waters, C.M.>PMID: 17015436</ref> | |||
<ref name=Fisher, A.J.>PMID: 7756289</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||