4e1g
X-ray crystal structure of alpha-linolenic acid bound to the cyclooxygenase channel of cyclooxygenase-2X-ray crystal structure of alpha-linolenic acid bound to the cyclooxygenase channel of cyclooxygenase-2
Structural highlights
FunctionPGH2_MOUSE Mediates the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonate. May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity.[1] [2] [3] [4] Publication Abstract from PubMedThe cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) generate prostaglandin H(2) from arachidonic acid (AA). In its catalytically productive conformation, AA binds within the cyclooxygenase channel with its carboxylate near Arg-120 and Tyr-355 and omega-end located within a hydrophobic groove above Ser-530. While AA is the preferred substrate for both isoforms, COX-2 can oxygenate a broad spectrum of substrates. Mutational analyses have established that an interaction of the carboxylate of AA with Arg-120 is required for high-affinity binding by COX-1, but not COX-2, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions between the omega-end of substrates and cyclooxygenase channel residues play a significant role in COX-2-mediated oxygenation. We used structure-function analyses to investigate the role that Arg-120 and residues lining the hydrophobic groove play in the binding and oxygenation of substrates by murine (mu) COX-2. Mutations to individual amino acids within the hydrophobic groove exhibited decreased rates of oxygenation towards AA, with little effect on binding. R120A muCOX-2 oxygenated 18-carbon omega-6 and omega-3 substrates, albeit at reduced rates, indicating that an interaction with Arg-120 is not required for catalysis. Structural determinations of Co(3+)-protoporphyrin IX reconstituted muCOX-2 with alpha-linolenic acid and G533V muCOX-2 with AA indicate that proper bis-allylic carbon alignment is the major determinant for efficient substrate oxygenation by COX-2. Overall, these findings implicate Arg-120 and hydrophobic groove residues as determinants that govern proper alignment of the bis-allylic carbon below Tyr-385 for catalysis in COX-2 and confirms nuances between COX isoforms that explain substrate promiscuity. Investigating substrate promiscuity in cyclooxygenase-2: the role of Arg-120 and residues lining the hydrophobic groove.,Vecchio AJ, Orlando BJ, Nandagiri R, Malkowski MG J Biol Chem. 2012 May 25. PMID:22637474[5] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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