Constans

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This is a default text for your page Megi Celaj/Sandbox 1. Click above on edit this page to modify. Be careful with the < and > signs. You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia or to the article describing Jmol to the rescue. Function As flowers serve as the reproductive structure of all Angiosperms, the regulation of flowering plants is crucial in a plant’s survival and viability. CONSTANS (CO) serves as the key regulator protein of the photoperiodic flowering times of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). CONSTANS (CO) is able to modulate flowering times through the regulation of the florigen hormone FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T). CO regulation is incredibly specific to the growth stage, season, and time of day. In the presence of light stimulus, CO increases the production of FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T) which then begins the process of flower differentiation. Signals from the environment such as temperature and light availability can inversely act as inhibitors for FT. In complete darkness, CO is completely degraded and flowering is halted. Different lighting periods can result in varying accumulations of CO, which can reduce or increase the speed of flowering depending on light cues. Regulation of CO mRNA is controlled by the circadian rhythm of arabidopsis, particularly in enhancement of long days (LD). The nuclear protein GIGANTEA (GI) interacts with FLAVIN BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX PROTEIN 1 (FKF1) to begin the degradation process with the use of DOF transcription factors known as Cycling Dof Factors (CDFs). CDFs are then able to bind to the CO promoter region and inhibit its expression during the morning, thus inhibiting flowering times. Since flowering times are incredibly specific, post translational CO activity is critical as peak mRNA expression is not necessarily concurrent with the exact time of CO activity. CO stability varies depending on light conditions. In the presence of blue light, CO stability is high as blue light impacts the photoreceptors PHYTOCHROME B (phyB) and CRYPTOCHROME 2 (CRY2). In red light, CO stability was poor as PHYB activity restricts flowering from occurring. Another key regulator of CO stability is proteasome. When there is darkness present and during the morning hours, proteasome works to degrade CO and thus prevent flowering from occurring. In light periods CO is stable and able to then activate FT to induce flowering. Much is still unknown about the pathway of the FT hormone when it is activated. As th CO-FT model is a highly conserved pathway, understanding how modifications to the CO protein could further enhance agricultural yield and commercial value. As climate change continues to threaten weather conditions and seasonal length changes, photoperiods may be altered. These alterations can significantly disrupt flowering periods which is why it is critical to understand the regulation pathway of Constans (CO). In the future, it may be necessary to genetically alter flowering periods to correlate with an ever changing climate and season change to preserve ecological reproduction. Structural highlights This is a sample scene created with SAT to by Group, and another to make of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.

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