3da9
Crystal structure of thrombin in complex with inhibitorCrystal structure of thrombin in complex with inhibitor
Structural highlights
Disease[THRB_HUMAN] Defects in F2 are the cause of factor II deficiency (FA2D) [MIM:613679]. It is a very rare blood coagulation disorder characterized by mucocutaneous bleeding symptoms. The severity of the bleeding manifestations correlates with blood factor II levels.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] Genetic variations in F2 may be a cause of susceptibility to ischemic stroke (ISCHSTR) [MIM:601367]; also known as cerebrovascular accident or cerebral infarction. A stroke is an acute neurologic event leading to death of neural tissue of the brain and resulting in loss of motor, sensory and/or cognitive function. Ischemic strokes, resulting from vascular occlusion, is considered to be a highly complex disease consisting of a group of heterogeneous disorders with multiple genetic and environmental risk factors.[13] Defects in F2 are the cause of thrombophilia due to thrombin defect (THPH1) [MIM:188050]. It is a multifactorial disorder of hemostasis characterized by abnormal platelet aggregation in response to various agents and recurrent thrombi formation. Note=A common genetic variation in the 3-prime untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increased risk of venous thrombosis. Defects in F2 are associated with susceptibility to pregnancy loss, recurrent, type 2 (RPRGL2) [MIM:614390]. A common complication of pregnancy, resulting in spontaneous abortion before the fetus has reached viability. The term includes all miscarriages from the time of conception until 24 weeks of gestation. Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as 3 or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.[14] Function[THRB_HUMAN] Thrombin, which cleaves bonds after Arg and Lys, converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates factors V, VII, VIII, XIII, and, in complex with thrombomodulin, protein C. Functions in blood homeostasis, inflammation and wound healing.[15] Evolutionary Conservation Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf. Publication Abstract from PubMedA set of compounds designed to bind to the S2-S3 pockets of thrombin was prepared. These compounds included examples with no interactions in the S1 pocket. Proline, a common P2 in many thrombin inhibitors, was combined with known P3 residues and P1 substituents of varying size and lipophilicity. Binding constants were determined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor technology and were found to be in good agreement with results from an enzyme assay. A dramatic increase in affinity (100-1000 times) was seen for compounds incorporating an amino group capable of forming a hydrogen bond with gly216 in the protein backbone. The ligand efficiency was increased by including substituents that form stronger hydrophobic interactions with the P1 pocket. The binding mode was confirmed by X-ray analysis, which revealed the anticipated binding motif that included hydrogen bonds as well as a tightly bound water molecule. A QSAR model indicated that hydrogen bonding and lipophilicity were important for the prediction of binding constants. The results described here may have implications for how directed compound libraries for shallow protein pockets, like S2 and S3 in serine proteases, can be designed. Compounds binding to the S2-S3 pockets of thrombin.,Nilsson M, Hamalainen M, Ivarsson M, Gottfries J, Xue Y, Hansson S, Isaksson R, Fex T J Med Chem. 2009 May 14;52(9):2708-15. PMID:19371038[16] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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