User:Sachin Sundar/Sandbox 1
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OverviewOverview
Mevacor (1cqp) (9) is a potent anticholesteremic agent, a common drug used to lower LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and triglyceride levels of patients susceptible to heart attacks, strokes, and chest pain due to clogged arteries. (6)
History/OriginHistory/Origin
Lovastatin was discovered by Alfred Alberts and his team at Merck in 1978 after screening only 18 compounds over 2 weeks. The agent, also known as mevinolin, was isolated from the fungi Aspergillus terreus. Research on this compound was suddenly shut down in 1980 and the drug was not approved until 1987. Interesting, Akira Endo at Sankyo Co. (Japan) patented lovastatin isolated from Monascus ruber four months before Merck. Lovastatin was found to be 2 times more potent than its predecessor, mevastatin, the first discovered statin. (1)
FunctionFunction
Lovastatin is hydrolyzed to the ß-hydroxyacid form after ingestion. It is a principal metabolite and inhibitor of HMG-CoA, an enzyme that metabolizes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. Mevalonate is an early rate limited step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. (2) Both lovastatin and its ß-hydroxyacid metabolite are highly bound (>95%) to human plasma proteins. (2) It works to reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood by blocking an enzyme that is needed by the body to make cholesterol. (4) Lovastatin is a member of the cholesterol lowering drugs class called HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or, more commonly called statins. Statins reduce cholesterol by inhibiting an enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, abundant in the liver. This enzyme is necessary in the pathway for the production of cholesterol. Statins also increase high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (or "good" cholesterol) (3)
StructureStructure
The molecular formula of is C24H36O5 (1) and the molecular weight is 404.55 (1) Lovastatin contains two domains of Integrin alpha-L. Integrin alpha-L contains an alpha and beta chain, length is 182 amino acids, weighs 20.82 KDa. The image below shows the two domains of Integrin alpha-L in lovastatin.
The image (top) shows two copies of Integrin alpha-L bound to lovastatin. (9)(9) Since lovastatin inhibits , it is reasonable to hypothesize that the two molecules, HMG-CoA and lovastatin, share some common structural features. Images were captured using X-ray diffraction. (9)
An image of beta-hydroxyacid form of lovastatin.
MechanismMechanism
Lovastatin is structurally similar to hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), a substituent of HMG-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), a substrate of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway via the mevalonic acid pathway. Lovastatin is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-COA reductase with a binding affinity 20, 000 times greater than HMG-CoA. Lovastatin is activated by in vivo hydrolysis of the lactone ring. (1) To begin the mechanism, a water molecule performs a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon on lovastatin, resulting in the opening of the ring which produces the ß-hydroxyacid form of the drug. This hydrolyzed molecule results in a terminal carboxylic acid group. This group is similar to the thioester group found on HMG-COA (3-hydroxyl-3-methylgutarylcoenzyme A) which is then reduced to an alcohol by through a NADPH-dependent reduction to form mevalonate in the isopentenyl pyrophosphate formation process. It is thought that HMG-CoA reduces the ß-hydroxyacid on Lovastatin at its carboxylic acid end in a similar manner. There are two binding domains on HMG-CoA reductase as it works synchronously with NADH. NADH binds to the smaller domain within the dimer as the substrate, HMG-CoA, binds to the larger domain of the dimer. Through competitive inhibition, Lovastatin binds to the larger domain in this manner with the carboxylic acid end facing the NADH. This reduces the probability of HMG-CoA reductase binding to HMG-CoA which then prevents the production of mevalonate which is essential to producing cholesterol. (7)
Health & Disease in HumansHealth & Disease in Humans
Cells require cholesterol because it aids in the structure of cell membranes by restricting the membrane from being too fluid (10). Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) carry cholesterol to and from cells. Also, cholesterol is also not able to dissolve in blood and require these lipoproteins for transportation. These lipoproteins and an individual's triglyceride level is what makes up their total cholesterol count. LDL is termed as “bad” cholesterol because of its relationship with plaque, a thick and hard build of cholesterol that can block arteries. HDL aids in the removal of LDL from the arteries and carries it back to the liver where it can be broken down and expelled from the body (12). A total cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dL is recommended by healthcare providers (11). Elevated levels of cholesterol in the arteries can directly influence the risk of heart attacks, strokes, atherosclerosis and other heart diseases (12). Mevacor Lovastatin can treat high levels of LDL cholesterol and triglyceride through the interruption of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. It also reduces the risk of heart attacks, angina, coronary revascularization procedures in individuals without symptomatic cardiovascular disease. Also used for individuals suffering from coronary heart disease (12). Severe medical side effects when using Lovastatin include: constipation, memory loss or forgetfulness, confusion. Other side effects include: headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and muscle pain (3). In rare cases, taking Lovastatin can result in Rhabdomyolysis, a condition that results in the breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue and can lead to tissue failure (3).
Structural highlightsStructural highlights
This is a sample scene created with SAT to by Group, and another to make of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.
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ReferencesReferences
1.Lovastatin. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database; CID=53232. Retrieved March 28, 2017 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/53232
2.Mevacor (Lovastatin). (2014, February). Retrieved March 28, 2017, from https://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/m/mevacor/mevacor_pi.pdf
3.Ogbru, O., PharmD. (2015, September 30). Lovastatin, Mevacor, Altoprev: Drug Facts, Side Effects and Dosing (J. W. Marks MD, Ed.). Retrieved March 28, 2017, from http://www.medicinenet.com/lovastatin/article.htm 4.Lovastatin (By mouth) - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health. (n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011001/?report=details#how_to_use
5.Mevacor (Lovastatin): Side Effects, Interactions, Warning, Dosage & Uses. (2016). Retrieved March 28, 2017, from http://www.rxlist.com/mevacor-drug.htm
6.Altoprev, Mevacor (lovastatin) Drug Side Effects, Interactions, and Medication Information on eMedicineHealth. (n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2017, from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug-lovastatin/article_em.htm
7.Lovastatin. (n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2017, from http://community.middlebury.edu/~sontum/chemistry/students/ho/lovastatin.html
8.Helpful video:
9.Crystal Structure Analysis of the Complex LFA-1 (CD11A) I-Domain / Lovastatin at 2.6 A Resolution. Protein Data Bank in Europe. Retrieve March 28, 2017 from http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/pdb/1cqp
10.Masterjohn, C. (2005, July). Cholesterol's Importance to the Cell Membrane. Retrieved March 28, 2017, from http://www.cholesterol-and-health.com/Cholesterol-Cell-Membrane.html
11.High Blood Cholesterol: What You Need To Know. (2005, June). Retrieved March 28, 2017, from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/resources/heart/heart-cholesterol-hbc-what-html
12.Good vs. Bad Cholesterol. (2014, April). Retrieved March 28, 2017, from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/AboutCholesterol/Good-vs-Bad-Cholesterol_UCM_305561_Article.jsp#.WNrV_RiZPGI