GABA receptor
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GABA (i.e. gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the vertebrate central nervous system (Kerr, 1995). GABA can bind one of two different receptor proteins, each using a discrete mechanism to elicit a cellular response. Upon binding with GABA, GABAB receptors utilize a second messenger amplification pathway that ultimately results in an inhibitory signal for neuronal transmission. This pathway for signal transmission differs from GABAA receptors, which are considered ligand-gated ion channels as the binding of GABA results in the opening of ion channels leading to the inhibition of a neuronal signal.
StructureStructure
Ionotropic and metabotropic are the two major classes of GABA receptors abundant throughout neuronal cells (Cryan, 2005). Metabotropic GABAB receptors induce a change in membrane potential through the action of a second messenger pathway (Kerr, 1995). The GABAB receptor functions as a heterodimer of two subunits, GABAB1 and GABAB2 (Figure 1: GABAB1 - gray; GABAB2 - green). Heterodimerization is accomplished through interactions of the coiled-coil motifs within the C-termini and interactions between the transmembrane and extracellular domains (Cryan, 2005). Additionally, there are two GABAB1 isoforms that differ at the N-termini where there are two sushi domains (Cryan, 2005). These sushi domains on the GABAB1 subunit are key to the receptor's interaction with other proteins as well as axonal signaling (Cryan, 2005). The two GABAB subunits link together in the endoplasmic reticulum as GABAB2 connects to GABAB1 via their intracellular C-termini to form the heterodimer GABAB receptor (Gumerov, 2015). The GABAB receptor exists in the resting state (Figure 1) and the active state (Figure 2)(Geng, 2013). Using the GABAB crystal structures, Geng et al. found that both subunits exist in open conformations while at rest. Upon binding with the agonist the GABAB1 subunit closes (Geng, 2013) (see below). Additionally, it was found that the agonist is bound to the , located at the interdomain crevice of the GABAB1 subunit due to an overlap of amino acid residues (Geng, 2013). This conformation change is highlighted in Figures 1 and 2 in the visible reduction in space between GABAB subunits upon binding with GABA.
FunctionFunction
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GABAB receptors have been found to provide an inhibitory function through coupling to G-proteins and the recruitment of second messengers (Bettler, 2004). Presynaptic GABAB receptors effectively repress the influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) via the inhibition of voltage gated Ca2+ channels through the activation of the Gβγ subunits (Bettler, 2004). Postsynaptic GABAB receptors then activate the opening of potassium ion (K+) channels through the activation of Gβγ subunits (Bettler, 2004). The efflux of potassium ions results in hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane due to the highly negative Nernst value of potassium common to cerebrospinal fluid. Hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane is the decrease in the neuron’s membrane potential away from threshold which results in the inhibition of GABA neuronal function (Bettler, 2004). This functions in opposition of the GABAA receptor in order to control and slow the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials as the GABAA receptor activation causes a more transient inhibitory signal (Cryan, 2005). Besides interacting with ion channels, GABAB receptors also inhibit adenylyl cyclase through the Giα/Goα subunits and activate adenylyl cyclase through Gβγ subunits (Bettler, 2004). This control of adenylyl cyclase is thought to control neuronal function for a longer period of time compared to the control via ion channels (Geng, 2013).
DiseaseDisease
GABAB receptors are the target of a number of treatments in the clinical setting of neurodegenerative and pathophysiological disorders including epilepsy, spasticity, chronic pain, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, cognitive function, gastro-esophageal reflux and drug dependence and addiction (Kerr 2005).
There is increasing evidence that links schizophrenia directly to GABAB receptor deficits. GABBR1, the gene associated with the expression of the GABAB1 receptor was found to have a high amount of methylation in receptors tested for patients with schizophrenia (Citrome, 2009). The receptor 1 gene locus on chromosome 6 is susceptible for disorders such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and schizophrenia (Gumerov, 2015). Presynaptic dopaminergic terminals (i.e. neuronal terminals that secrete dopamine) have GABAB receptors that are involved in the release of dopamine along with modulation of glutaminergic regulation of dopamine (Citrome, 2009).
A possible therapeutic approach utilizing GABAB receptors would be for the treatment of substance use disorder (i.e. drug addiction). The GABAB receptor has been found to play a crucial role in mediating behavioral and molecular effects of drug abuse and could be used as a potential anti-addictive therapeutic strategy (Filip, 2015). Agonists of GABAB receptors can promote abstinence or decrease and control the reinforcing effects of drugs on the mind (Kerr 2005).
ReferencesReferences
Bettler, B., Kaupmann, K., Mosbacher, J., & Gassmann, M. (2004). Molecular structure and physiological functions of GABAB receptors. Physiological reviews, 84(3), 835-867.
Citrome, L., Javitt, D., Kantrowitz, J. (2009). GABAB Receptors, Schizophrenia and Sleep Dysfunction. CNS Drugs, 23(8), 681-691.
Cryan, J.F., Kaupman, K. (2005). Don’t worry ‘B’ happy!: a role for GABAB receptors in anxiety and depression. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 26(1), 36-43.
Filip, M., Frankowska, M., et al., (2015). GABAB receptors as a therapuetic strategy in substance use disorders: Focus on positive allosteric modulators. Neuropharmacology. (38), 36-47.
(2015). GABAB Receptors. Sigma Alrdrich Co. LLC. Retrieved from: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/biology/rbi-handbook/non-peptide-receptors-synthesis-and-metabolism/gabab-receptors.html
Geng, Y., Bush, M., Mosyak, L., Wang, F., & Fan, Q. R. (2013). Structural mechanism of ligand activation in human GABAB receptor. Nature, 504(7479), 254-259.
Gumerov, V., Hegyi, H. (2015). MicroRNA-derived network analysis of differentially methylated genes in schizophrenia, implicating GABA receptor B1 [GABBR1] and protein kinase B [AKT1].Gumerov and Heygl Biology Direct. 10:59, 1-15.
Kerr, D. I. B., and J. Ong. "Clinical Potential of GABA B Receptor Modulators." CNS Drug Reviews. 11.3 (2005): 317-334.
Kerr, D. I. B., and J. Ong. "Gaba B receptors." Pharmacology & therapeutics. 67.2 (1995): 187-246.