Sandbox Reserved 1053

This Sandbox is Reserved from 02/09/2015, through 05/31/2016 for use in the course "CH462: Biochemistry 2" taught by Geoffrey C. Hoops at the Butler University. This reservation includes Sandbox Reserved 1051 through Sandbox Reserved 1080.

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BackgroundBackground

The antigen 85 (ag85) complex in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is composed of three intracellular membrane proteins: ag85A, B, and C. The ag85 complex is a major component of the cell wall, with each protein catalyzing the transfer of important cell wall constituents into the membrane. Ag85C is of particular interest due to its transfer of mycolic acids, which are major components in determining cell wall integrity. By targeting this mycoloyltransferase activity, inhibition of ag85C offers potential for cell wall disruption and subsequent antibiotic targeting for normally drug-resistant mycotaberia tuberculosis.

StructureStructure

<StructureSection load='1dqz' size='400' side='right' caption='Antigen 85C in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis' scene=>

General StructureGeneral Structure

Antigen 85C was crystallized in its dimeric form. The shown in the monomeric form are composed of helices with one interwoven beta sheet. Due to its accommodation of large fatty acid chain substrates and its incorporation into a complex with Antigen85B and A, the binding pocket is not defined past the active site residues.

Enzymatic ActivityEnzymatic Activity

Mutagenesis studies have confirmed the Ag85C functions through a Glu-His-Ser , similar to that of chymotrypsin. By modifying each of the catalytic residues separately testing the enzyme’s relative activity, it has been shown that mutation of any one of these residues dramatically reduces activity (Figure #). The S124 alcohol’s nucleophilicity is inductively strengthened through H260 and E224, which allows S124 to hydrolyze trehalose 6, 6’-dimycolate. The formation of the functional catalytic triad relies on upon Van der Waals interaction between C209 and the peptide bond between L232 and T231. This interaction results in a kinked conformation of the α9 helix, which promotes that activity of the catalytic triad. As a result, Ag85C, a mycolyl transferase, can facilitate the modification of trehalose monomycolates to trehalose dimycolates, which are then transported to the bacterial cell wall.

Methods of InhibitionMethods of Inhibition

Due to the importance of Ag85C enzymatic activity in maintaining the integrity of the mycobacteria tuberculosis cell wall though mycolic acid modifications, the Ag85C enzyme represents a potentially effective avenue for inhibiting cell growth. The conformational sensitivity of the active site residues, H260, E228, and S124, relies entirely upon Van der Waals interaction between C209 and L232-T 231 (Figure #). The C209 facilitated interaction causes the to acquire a kinked conformation that promotes optimal interaction distances between catalytic residues. As a result, C209 has been a specific target residue for Ag85C inhibition.

Ag85C can be inhibited by ebselen covalently bound to the sulfur of C209. Ebselen is a thiol-modifying agent that serves as an electrophile for the C209 that results in a sulfur-selenium bond. Co-crystallization of ebselen with Ag85C provides an explanation for the mechanism of ebselen-based inhibition. The addition of ebselen increases the distance between C209 and L232-T31, which effectively disrupts the interaction that holds the α9 helix in the active conformation. Furthermore, the bulk of ebselen creates steric hindrance with the α9 helix residues (Figure #). Relaxation of the α9 helix removes E228 and H260, which now interacts with S148, from the active site. The absence of these residues decreases the nucleophilicity of the S124 alcohol which decreases serine hydrolytic activity.

Thiol-modification reaction example