C-JUN
Andrew Rebeyka
C-JUNC-JUN
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IntroductionIntroduction
The c-Jun protein is a member of transcription factors which consist of a basic region leucine zipper region [1]. Originally identified by its homology to v-jun, the oncogene from the avian sarcomoa virus [2] Bossy-Wetzel, E., Bakiri, L., Yaniv, M. (1997). Induction of apoptosis by the transcription factor c-Jun. EMO Journal. Vol.16;7. 1695-1709 </ref>. All these leucine zipper factors bind to DNA in one of two states: homo or heterodimers [3]. In conjunction with the c-Fos protein these two proteins bind to specific regions of DNA strands. Together these two proteins form the c-fos/c-jun complex which help regulate cell growth and differentiation Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag. The strand becomes an elongated coiled coil. This is formed by residues at the a and d positions in each of the two monomers, whereby they create hydrophobic centers which conform to the "knobs into holes" model by Crick. [3]. Amino acids at these a and d positions are each surrounded by 4 additional residues from adjacent a-helix monomer [3].
The a and d residues each exhibit varying types of packing in terms of this "knobs into holes" theory. According to Harbury et al.(24) the leucines at the a positions are packed "parallel" in such a way that the C-alpha-C-beta bond vector lies in a parallel manner to the C-alpha-C-alpha vector at the base of the acceptor hole on adjacent helix [1]. Whereas the opposite is true for the leucines in the d positions. Here the residues are packed in a "perpendicular" nature [1]. The bond vector of the C-alpha-C-beta pack approximately perpendicular to the C-alpha-C-alpha vector at the base of the hole of the second helix in which it packs [1]. Therefore only the leucine side chains in the a positions, which point away from the boundary, make van der Waals interactions [1].
Protein FunctionProtein Function
The primary function of c-Jun is in regards to DNA transcription. Specifically, the protein is involved in proliferation, apoptosis, oncogenic transformation and various cellular processes [4]. For instance cells which lack an allele for c-jun have been shown to stunt growth both in vitro and in vivo Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag. To date two seperate sites of phosphorylation have been identified. One is located at the N-terminal end in which the amino acids Ser63 and Ser73 are phosphorylated in response to ras expression. When ras is expressed, and Ser63 and Ser73 are phosphorylated,and transcriptional activity of c-Jun increases. The second site is located at the C-terminal which is very close in proximity to the DNA binding domain. Here the residues are Thr214, Ser226, and Ser 232 [5]. Unlike the two serines at the N-terminal end, phosphorylation at the C-terminal end inhibits DNA binding to c-Jun [5]. Therefore with the expression of such oncogenes as ras dephsphorylation of these three residues occurs.
Psychological InfluencesPsychological Influences
The stress-induced signaling cascade may also active c-Jun by phosphorylation. The N-ternminal protein kinase phosphorylates Ser63 and Ser73 [6] . Another mechanism for the activation however is interestingly through intracellular calcium concentrations. Increasing these concentrations by opening the L-type voltage gated calcium channels leads to serines phosphorlation. It was found that the N-terminus contains both calcium and stress-regulated transcriptional activation domains [6]. According to the study,distinct mechanisms of c-Jun control function by calcium and stress signals [6].
ReferencesReferences
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Junius FK, O'Donoghue SI, Nilges M, Weiss AS, King GF. High resolution NMR solution structure of the leucine zipper domain of the c-Jun homodimer. J Biol Chem. 1996 Jun 7;271(23):13663-7. PMID:8662824
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedfour - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Junius FK, O'Donoghue SI, Nilges M, Weiss AS, King GF. High resolution NMR solution structure of the leucine zipper domain of the c-Jun homodimer. J Biol Chem. 1996 Jun 7;271(23):13663-7. PMID:8662824
- ↑ Mechta-Grigoriou F, Giudicelli F, Pujades C, Charnay P, Yaniv M. c-jun regulation and function in the developing hindbrain. Dev Biol. 2003 Jun 15;258(2):419-31. PMID:12798298
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedsix - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Cruzalegui FH, Hardingham GE, Bading H. c-Jun functions as a calcium-regulated transcriptional activator in the absence of JNK/SAPK1 activation. EMBO J. 1999 Mar 1;18(5):1335-44. PMID:10064599 doi:10.1093/emboj/18.5.1335