Function

Endonuclease (ENN) cleaves phosphodiester bond within polynucleotide chain. ENN cleaves DNA at a restriction site which is usually a 6-nucleotide palindrome. ENN is restriction site–specific. Various types of ENN differ by their mechanism of action. ENN is used in genetic engineering to make recombinant DNA. ENN requires a restriction site and a cleavage pattern. ENN-I operates on DNA with separate restriction site and cleavage pattern, while ENN-II operates on overlapping restriction site and cleavage pattern. Some ENNs are encoded within introns thus facilitating their mobility. These ENNs or inteins are designated I-ENN[1].

The Cas ENN proteins are part of CRISPR/Cas prokaryotic immune system which confers protection from foreign genetic elements like viruses. The CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats) are DNA loci which are found in ca. 40% of the bacteria. The CRISPR/Cas system is being used lately as gene editing tool[2]. For more details see


Intron-encoded ENN or homing ENN are encoded by genes with mobile, self-splicing introns. They promote the movement of DNA sequences from one chromosome location to another[3].
See also

Relevance

Sickle cell anemia is caused by mutation in the recognition site of MstII ENN.

Disease

Mutation in UV-specific ENN causes Xeroderma pigmentosa. Mutations in tRNA-splicing ENN cause pontocerebellar hypoplasia.

Structural highlights

(PDB code 1rva).

3D structures of endonuclease

Endonuclease 3D structures


E. coli EcoRV endonuclease dimer (magenta, green) complex with DNA, (PDB code 1rva)

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

3D structures of endonuclease3D structures of endonuclease

Updated on 19-June-2019 {{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|

  • ENN-I
    • 1bix - hENN – human
    • 5um9, 5kse, 5k97 – hENN (mutant) + DNA
    • 1cfr – ENN – Citrobacter freundii
    • 1af5 - CrENN – Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
    • 1fzr, 1m0d, 1m0i, 3cae – T7ENN - Enterobacteria phage T7
    • 2g7e, 2g7f – VcENN – Vibrio cholera
    • 2vnd - VcENN (mutant)
    • 2pu3 - VsENN – Vibrio salmonicida
  • ENN-II
  • ENN-III
    • 2abk, 1ako - EcENN – Escherichia coli
    • 1orn, 1orp, 1p59 - GsENN + DNA – Geobacillus stearothermophilus
    • 4unf – DrENN-1 – Deinococcus radiodurans
    • 4uob – DrENN-3
  • ENN-IV
    • 1qtw - EcENN
    • 2nqh - EcENN (mutant)
    • 1qum – EcENN + DNA
    • 2nqj, 2nq9, 4k1g - EcENN (mutant) + DNA
    • 1xp3 - ENN – Bacillus anthracis
    • 3aal - GkENN – Geobacillus kaustophilus
    • 3aam - TtENN – Thermus thermophilus
  • ENN-V
  • ENN-VII
  • ENN-VIII
  • AP ENN
    • 3ngf - ENN - Brucella melitensis
    • 2j63 – ENN – Leishmania major
  • Cas ENN
    • 1wj9, 4ej3 – TtCas
    • 4n06 – AfCas1 - Archaeoglobus fulgidus
    • 3god – PaCas1 – Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • 3nkd – EcCas1
    • 4wj0 – PhCas1 - Pyrococcus horikoshii
    • 4xtk – TmCas1
    • 5fcl – Cas1 - Pectobacterium atrosepticum
    • 4zkj - SpCas1 – Streptococcus pyogenes
    • 3oq2 – Cas2 – Desulfovibrio vulgaris
    • 4mak – EcCas2
    • 4p6i, 4qdl – EcCas1 + EcCas2
    • 6qy3 – GsCas1 + EcCas2 + Csn2 – Cryo EM
    • 3s4l – MjCas3 – Methanocaldococcus jannaschii
    • 4qqw – TfCas3 – Thermobifida fusca
    • 4qqx – TfCas3 + ATP
    • 4qqy – TfCas3 + ADP
    • 4qqz – TfCas3 + AMPPNP
    • 4q2c - TteCas3 – Thermobaclum terrenum
    • 4q2d - TteCas3 + ATP
    • 3i4h – Cas4 - Pyrobaculum calidifontis<br /
    • 4qr0, 4qr1 - SpCas9 (Csn1) – Streptococcus pyogenes
    • 4ilr, 3zfv – SsCas6
    • 3i4h – PfCas6 - Pyrococcus furiosus
    • 4dzd – EcCas6e
    • 4qr0, 4qr1 - SpCas9 (Csn1) – Streptococcus pyogenes
    • 4qr0, 4qr1, 4cmp, 4cmq - SpCas9
    • 4ogc, 4oge – Cas9 II-C – Actinomyces naeslundii
    • 3ung, 3ur3, 4doz, 4w8y – PfCas10 CMR2 subunit
    • 4h4k – PfCas10 CMR2+CMR3 subunits
    • 3w2v – PfCas10 CMR2+CMR3 subunits + AMP
    • 3w2w – PfCas10 CMR2+CMR3 subunits + ATP
    • 4gkf – PfCas10 CMR5 subunit
    • 4an8, 4f3e – TtCasA (Cse1)
    • 4h3t - CasA (Cse1) – Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans
    • 4h79 - TfCasB (Cse2)
    • 3wa8 - CasB (Cse2) – Meiothermus ruber
    • 4h7a - TtCasB (Cse2)
    • 4tvx – EcCasA (Cse1) + CasE
    • 3qhq - Csn2 – Streptococcus agalactiae
    • 3toc, 3v7f – SpCsn2
    • 3ps0 – SsCsa2
  • Cas ENN complex with RNA and DNA
    • 5dlj, 5dqt, 5dqu, 5dqz, 5ds4, 5ds5, 5ds6, 5vvl, 5vvk, 5vvj – EcCas1 + EcCas2 + DNA
    • 5wfe – EcCas1 + EcCas2 + IHF-a + IHF-b + DNA
    • 5xvp, 5xvo, 5xvn – Cas1 + Cas2 + DNA – Enterococcus faecalis
    • 6qxt, 6qxf – GsCas1 (mutant) + EcCas2 + Csn2 + DNA – Cryo EM
    • 4ill, 4ilm – SsCas6 + RNA - Sulfolobus solfataricus
    • 5uz9 – PaCsa5f + Cas7f + Cas8f + anti-crispr protein + RNA - Cryo EM
    • 6b48, 6b47, 6b46, 6b45 – PaCsa6 + Csy1 + Csy2 + Csy3 + anti-crispr protein + RNA - Cryo EM
    • 6b44 – PaCsa6 + Csy1 + Csy2 + Csy3 + anti-crispr protein + DNA - Cryo EM
    • 6ne0 – PaCsa6/Csy4 + Csy1 + Csy2 + Csy3 + DNA + RNA – Cryo EM
    • 3pkm – PfCas6 + RNA
    • 2y8w, 2y8y, 3qrp, 3qrq, 2qrr – TtCas6e (Cse3) + RNA
    • 2xli, 2xlj, 2xlk, 4al7 – PaCas6f (Csy4) + RNA
    • 4al5, 4al6 - PaCas6f (Csy4) (mutant) + RNA
    • 4zt0 - SpCas9 + RNA
    • 4zt9 - SpCas9 (mutant) + RNA
    • 5f9r - SpCas9 + RNA + DNA
    • 4oo8, 4un3, 4un4, 4un5, 5fw1, 5fw2, 5fw3, 5fq5, 5b2r, 5b2s, 5b2t, 5y36, 6ia6 - SpCas9 (Csn1) (mutant) + RNA + DNA
    • 5xbl - SpCas9 + associated protein + RNA
    • 6ifo - SpCas9 + AcriiA2 + RNA
    • 5vw1 - SpCas9 + AcriiA4 + RNA
    • 6mcc, 5vzl, 6mcb - SpCas9 + AcriiA4 + RNA – Cryo EM
    • 5vgb - NmCas9 + AcriiC1 – Neisseria meningitidis
    • 6jdx, [[6jdj], 6j9m] - NmCas9 + AcriiC2
    • 6j9n - NmCas9 + AcriiC3
    • 5x2h, 5x2g – Cas9 + RNA + DNA – Campylobacter jejuni
    • 5czz - SaCas9 (Csn1) + RNA + DNA - Staphylococcus aureus
    • 5axw - SaCas9 (Csn1) (mutant) + RNA + DNA
    • 6joo - Cas9 + RNA + DNA – Corynebacterium diphtheriae
    • 5b2o, 5b2p, 5b2q - FtCas9 (mutant) + RNA + DNA – Francisella tularensis
    • 6i1l, 6i1k, 6gtg, 6gtf, 6gte, 6gtd, 6gtc – FtCas12a (mutant) + RNA + DNA
    • 4u7u – EcCasA (Cse1) + CasB + CasC + CasD + CasE + RNA
    • 4qyz, 5h9f, 5h9e – EcCasA (Cse1) + CasB + CasC + CasD + CasE + RNA + DNA
    • 5wqe – AaCas C2C1 + RNA – Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris
    • 5u34 – AaCas C2C1 (mutant) + RNA
    • 5u30, 5u31, 5u33 – AaCas C2C1 + RNA + DNA
    • 5kk5, 5b43 – AcCas Cpf1 + RNA + DNA – Acidaminococcus
    • 5xh7, 5xh6 – AcCas Cpf1 (mutant) + RNA + DNA
    • 5ng6 – FtCas Cpf1 + RNA
    • 5nfv, 5mga – FtCas Cpf1 + RNA + DNA
  • EcoKI ENN
    • 2ar0 – EcENN (mutant)
  • Ecoo109I ENN
  • EcoRI ENN
  • EcoRII ENN
  • EcoRV ENN
  • BamHI ENN
  • Bbvci ENN
    • 6mag, 6m9g, 6eg7 – BbENN subunit 2 – Brevibacillus brevis
    • 6maf – BbENN subunits 1+2
  • FokI ENN
    • 1fok – PoENN + DNA – Planomicrobium okeanokoites
    • 2fok – PoENN
  • LAGLIDAD ENN
    • 4z1x – fyENN + DNA – fission yeast
    • 5e5o – ENN + DNA – Sordaria macropora
  • PvuII ENN
  • tRNA-splicing ENN
    • 2gw6 – hENN subunit sen15 – NMR
    • 1a79, 1a76, 1a77 - MjENN – Methanocaldococcus jannaschii
    • 2cv8 - ENN – Sulfolobus tokodaii
    • 2gjw - AfENN + RNA – Archaeoglobus fulgidus
    • 1r0v, 1r11 – AfENN
    • 2ohc, 2ohe - TaENN – Thermoplasma acidophilum
    • 2zyz – ENN – Pyrobaculum aerophilum
    • 3iey - ENN + NEQ261 – Nanoarchaeum equitans
    • 3ajv - ApENN (mutant) – Aeropyrum pernix
    • 3p1y - ApENN /AfENN
    • 3p1z - ApENN + protein
  • VSR ENN
  • BglI ENN
  • BglII ENN
  • MunI ENN
    • 1d02 - ENN (mutant) + DNA - Mycoplasma
  • Sm ENN
  • NaeI ENN
    • 1ev7 - LaENN – Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes
    • 1iaw - LaENN + DNA
  • NgoMIV ENN
    • 1fiu, 4abt - ENN + DNA – Neisseria gonorrheae
  • NEI ENN
  • BsoBI ENN
  • Bse634I ENN
  • HincII ENN
  • HinDIII ENN
  • HinP1I ENN
  • Flap ENN
    • 5zod - hENN
    • 3q8k, 3q8l, 3q8m - hENN + DNA
    • 5zog, 5zof, 5zoe - hENN (mutant) + DNA
    • 5fv7 - hENN + inhibitor
    • 1ul1 - hENN + PCNA
    • 1mc8 - PhENN (mutant)
    • 3ory– ENN – Desulfurococcus amylolyticus
    • 1rxv, 1rxw - AfENN + DNA
    • 2izo - SsENN + PCNA – Sulfolobus solfataricus
    • 1a76, 1a77 - MjENN
    • 1b43 – PfENN – Pyrococcus furiosus
    • 1rxz - AfENN + PCNA
    • 4wa8 – ENN – Methanopyrus kandleri
  • DNA mismatch ENN
  • Vvn ENN
    • 1ouo – VvENN – Vibrio vulnificus
    • 1oup, 2ivk - VvENN + DNA
  • Structure-specific ENN
    • 4zou – hENN SLX4 subunit BTB domain
    • 4uyi – hENN SLX4 subunit BTB domain (mutant)
    • 4xm5 – CgENN SLX1 subunit – Candida glabrata
    • 4xlg – CgENN SLX1 (mutant)+SLX4 subunits
    • 4zdt – fyENN SLX1+SLX4 subunits
  • BfiI ENN
    • 2c1l – ENN – Bacillus firmus
  • SfiI ENN
  • Ecl18kI ENN
    • 2fqz, 2gb7 – ENN + DNA – Enterobacter cloacae
  • SdaI ENN
    • 2ixs – ENN – Streptomyces diastaticus
  • PabI ENN
    • 2dvy – ENN – Pyrococcus abyssi
  • PspGI ENN
    • 3bm3 – ENN – Pyrococcus
  • HNH ENN
    • 4h6d – ENN – Geobacter metallireducens
    • 5h0o, 5h0m – ENN – Geobacillus virus E2
    • 5cxr – ENN + pyrazole derivative – Influenza virus
    • 6j9l] - NmENN + AcriiC2
  • UV damage ENN
  • NotI ENN
    • 3bvq - NoENN – Nocardia otitidiscaviarum
    • 3c25 - NoENN + DNA
  • BpujI ENN
  • Sau3AI ENN
    • 2reu – SaENN C terminal – Staphylococcus aureus
    • 4pxg – SaENN (mutant)
  • HpyI ENN
    • 3fc3, 3gox – HpENN99 + DNA – Helicobacter pylori
    • 3or3 – HpENN88 + DNA
  • PacI ENN
    • 3ldy, 3m7k - PaENN + DNA – Psdeudomonas alcaligenes
  • Crossover junction ENN
  • OkrAI ENN
    • 3odh - ENN + DNA – Oceanobacter kriegii
  • BspD6I ENN
    • 2ewf - ENN – Bacillus
  • ThaI ENN
  • Xpf ENN
    • 1z00, 2a1j - hENN C terminal + DNA excision repair protein
    • 2aq0 – hENN residues 823-905 – NMR
    • 2kn7 – hENN residues 823-905 + DNA – NMR
    • 2bgw - ApENN + DNA
    • 2bhn - ApENN
  • Mazf3 ENN
    • 5uct, 5cca - MtENN – Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Vapc ENN
  • Muts2 ENN
  • Endoms ENN
  • ENN G
    • 5gkc, 4qn0 – CeENN (mutant) – Caenorhabdfitis elegans
    • 5gkp – CeENN (mutant) + DNA
  • ENN S
    • 5ybb – ENN + R-M system + DNA – Caldanaerobacter subterraneus
  • ENN V
  • Apurinic-apyrimidinic ENN
  • Intron-encoded endonuclease
  • I-PpoI ENN
  • I-CreI ENN
  • I-CeuI ENN
    • 2ex5 - ENN (mutant) + DNA – Chlamydomonas eugametos
  • I-DmoI ENN
  • I-AniI ENN
    • 1p8k, 2qoj, 3uvf - EnENN + DNA – Emericella nidulans
    • 3eh8 - EnENN (mutant) + DNA
  • I-HmuI ENN
    • 1u3e - ENN + DNA – Bacillus phage spo1
  • I-TevI ENN
  • I-SceI ENN
  • I-PkoII ENN
  • I-MspI ENN
  • I-PfuI ENN
  • I-Tsp061I ENN
    • 2dch – ENN – Thermoproteus
  • I-Vdi141I ENN
    • 3e54 – ENN – Vulcanisaeta distribute
  • I-MtuI ENN
  • I-MsoI ENN
    • 1m5x, 3fd2 – MoENN + DNA – Monomastix
    • 3ko2 – MoENN (mutant) + DNA
  • I-GzeMII ENN
    • 4efj – ENN + DNA – Gibberella zeae
  • I-tRNA ENN
    • 4fz2 – ENN – Candidatus micrarchaeum
  • I-Cvui ENN

}}

ReferencesReferences

  1. Nishino T, Morikawa K. Structure and function of nucleases in DNA repair: shape, grip and blade of the DNA scissors. Oncogene. 2002 Dec 16;21(58):9022-32. PMID:12483517 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206135
  2. Horvath P, Barrangou R. CRISPR/Cas, the immune system of bacteria and archaea. Science. 2010 Jan 8;327(5962):167-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1179555. PMID:20056882 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1179555
  3. Flick KE, Jurica MS, Monnat RJ Jr, Stoddard BL. DNA binding and cleavage by the nuclear intron-encoded homing endonuclease I-PpoI. Nature. 1998 Jul 2;394(6688):96-101. PMID:9665136 doi:10.1038/27952

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