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==Crystal structure of glucokinase-activator complex==
==Crystal structure of glucokinase-activator complex==
<StructureSection load='4l3q' size='340' side='right' caption='[[4l3q]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.70&Aring;' scene=''>
<StructureSection load='4l3q' size='340' side='right'caption='[[4l3q]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.70&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4l3q]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4L3Q OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4L3Q FirstGlance]. <br>
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4l3q]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4L3Q OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4L3Q FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=926:6-{3-[(1-METHYL-1H-IMIDAZOL-2-YL)SULFANYL]PHENYL}PYRIDIN-2(1H)-ONE'>926</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=GLC:ALPHA-D-GLUCOSE'>GLC</scene></td></tr>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=926:6-{3-[(1-METHYL-1H-IMIDAZOL-2-YL)SULFANYL]PHENYL}PYRIDIN-2(1H)-ONE'>926</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=GLC:ALPHA-D-GLUCOSE'>GLC</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[4dhy|4dhy]]</td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4l3q FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4l3q OCA], [https://pdbe.org/4l3q PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4l3q RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4l3q PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4l3q ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">GCK ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN])</td></tr>
<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucokinase Glucokinase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.1.2 2.7.1.2] </span></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4l3q FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4l3q OCA], [http://pdbe.org/4l3q PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4l3q RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4l3q PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4l3q ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
</table>
== Disease ==
== Disease ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HXK4_HUMAN HXK4_HUMAN]] Defects in GCK are the cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/125851 125851]]; also shortened MODY-2. MODY is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.<ref>PMID:1502186</ref> <ref>PMID:1464666</ref> <ref>PMID:1303265</ref> <ref>PMID:8495817</ref> <ref>PMID:8325892</ref> <ref>PMID:8446612</ref> <ref>PMID:8168652</ref> <ref>PMID:9049484</ref> <ref>PMID:10694920</ref> <ref>PMID:9662401</ref> <ref>PMID:10588527</ref> <ref>PMID:11106831</ref> <ref>PMID:11372010</ref>  Defects in GCK are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 3 (HHF3) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/602485 602485]]; also known as persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) or congenital hyperinsulinism. HHF is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy. Unless early and aggressive intervention is undertaken, brain damage from recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia may occur.<ref>PMID:9435328</ref>
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HXK4_HUMAN HXK4_HUMAN] Defects in GCK are the cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/125851 125851]; also shortened MODY-2. MODY is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.<ref>PMID:1502186</ref> <ref>PMID:1464666</ref> <ref>PMID:1303265</ref> <ref>PMID:8495817</ref> <ref>PMID:8325892</ref> <ref>PMID:8446612</ref> <ref>PMID:8168652</ref> <ref>PMID:9049484</ref> <ref>PMID:10694920</ref> <ref>PMID:9662401</ref> <ref>PMID:10588527</ref> <ref>PMID:11106831</ref> <ref>PMID:11372010</ref>  Defects in GCK are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 3 (HHF3) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/602485 602485]; also known as persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) or congenital hyperinsulinism. HHF is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy. Unless early and aggressive intervention is undertaken, brain damage from recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia may occur.<ref>PMID:9435328</ref>  
== Function ==
== Function ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HXK4_HUMAN HXK4_HUMAN]] Catalyzes the initial step in utilization of glucose by the beta-cell and liver at physiological glucose concentration. Glucokinase has a high Km for glucose, and so it is effective only when glucose is abundant. The role of GCK is to provide G6P for the synthesis of glycogen. Pancreatic glucokinase plays an important role in modulating insulin secretion. Hepatic glucokinase helps to facilitate the uptake and conversion of glucose by acting as an insulin-sensitive determinant of hepatic glucose usage.  
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HXK4_HUMAN HXK4_HUMAN] Catalyzes the initial step in utilization of glucose by the beta-cell and liver at physiological glucose concentration. Glucokinase has a high Km for glucose, and so it is effective only when glucose is abundant. The role of GCK is to provide G6P for the synthesis of glycogen. Pancreatic glucokinase plays an important role in modulating insulin secretion. Hepatic glucokinase helps to facilitate the uptake and conversion of glucose by acting as an insulin-sensitive determinant of hepatic glucose usage.
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
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==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Hexokinase|Hexokinase]]
*[[Cytochrome P450 3D structures|Cytochrome P450 3D structures]]
*[[Hexokinase 3D structures|Hexokinase 3D structures]]
== References ==
== References ==
<references/>
<references/>
__TOC__
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Glucokinase]]
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Human]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Filipski, K J]]
[[Category: Filipski KJ]]
[[Category: Gajiwala, K S]]
[[Category: Gajiwala KS]]
[[Category: Diabetes]]
[[Category: Glycolysis]]
[[Category: Transferase-transferase activator complex]]

Revision as of 12:30, 7 December 2022

Crystal structure of glucokinase-activator complexCrystal structure of glucokinase-activator complex

Structural highlights

4l3q is a 1 chain structure with sequence from Homo sapiens. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
Ligands:,
Resources:FirstGlance, OCA, PDBe, RCSB, PDBsum, ProSAT

Disease

HXK4_HUMAN Defects in GCK are the cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2) [MIM:125851; also shortened MODY-2. MODY is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] Defects in GCK are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 3 (HHF3) [MIM:602485; also known as persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) or congenital hyperinsulinism. HHF is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy. Unless early and aggressive intervention is undertaken, brain damage from recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia may occur.[14]

Function

HXK4_HUMAN Catalyzes the initial step in utilization of glucose by the beta-cell and liver at physiological glucose concentration. Glucokinase has a high Km for glucose, and so it is effective only when glucose is abundant. The role of GCK is to provide G6P for the synthesis of glycogen. Pancreatic glucokinase plays an important role in modulating insulin secretion. Hepatic glucokinase helps to facilitate the uptake and conversion of glucose by acting as an insulin-sensitive determinant of hepatic glucose usage.

Publication Abstract from PubMed

Glucokinase activators are a class of experimental agents under investigation as a therapy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus. An X-ray crystal structure of a modestly potent agent revealed the potential to substitute the common heterocyclic amide donor-acceptor motif for a pyridone moiety. We have successfully demonstrated that both pyridone and pyrimidone heterocycles can be used as a potent donor-acceptor substituent. Several sub-micromolar analogs that possess the desired partial activator profile were synthesized and characterized. Unfortunately, the most potent activators suffered from sub-optimal pharmacokinetic properties. Nonetheless, these donor-acceptor motifs may find utility in other glucokinase activator series or beyond.

Pyrimidone-based series of glucokinase activators with alternative donor-acceptor motif.,Filipski KJ, Guzman-Perez A, Bian J, Perreault C, Aspnes GE, Didiuk MT, Dow RL, Hank RF, Jones CS, Maguire RJ, Tu M, Zeng D, Liu S, Knafels JD, Litchfield J, Atkinson K, Derksen DR, Bourbonais F, Gajiwala KS, Hickey M, Johnson TO, Humphries PS, Pfefferkorn JA Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Jun 20. pii: S0960-894X(13)00745-2. doi:, 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.036. PMID:23831135[15]

From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Stoffel M, Froguel P, Takeda J, Zouali H, Vionnet N, Nishi S, Weber IT, Harrison RW, Pilkis SJ, Lesage S, et al.. Human glucokinase gene: isolation, characterization, and identification of two missense mutations linked to early-onset non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7698-702. PMID:1502186
  2. ↑ Sakura H, Eto K, Kadowaki H, Simokawa K, Ueno H, Koda N, Fukushima Y, Akanuma Y, Yazaki Y, Kadowaki T. Structure of the human glucokinase gene and identification of a missense mutation in a Japanese patient with early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 Dec;75(6):1571-3. PMID:1464666
  3. ↑ Stoffel M, Patel P, Lo YM, Hattersley AT, Lucassen AM, Page R, Bell JI, Bell GI, Turner RC, Wainscoat JS. Missense glucokinase mutation in maturity-onset diabetes of the young and mutation screening in late-onset diabetes. Nat Genet. 1992 Oct;2(2):153-6. PMID:1303265 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1092-153
  4. ↑ Stoffel M, Bell KL, Blackburn CL, Powell KL, Seo TS, Takeda J, Vionnet N, Xiang KS, Gidh-Jain M, Pilkis SJ, et al.. Identification of glucokinase mutations in subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1993 Jun;42(6):937-40. PMID:8495817
  5. ↑ Takeda J, Gidh-Jain M, Xu LZ, Froguel P, Velho G, Vaxillaire M, Cohen D, Shimada F, Makino H, Nishi S, et al.. Structure/function studies of human beta-cell glucokinase. Enzymatic properties of a sequence polymorphism, mutations associated with diabetes, and other site-directed mutants. J Biol Chem. 1993 Jul 15;268(20):15200-4. PMID:8325892
  6. ↑ Gidh-Jain M, Takeda J, Xu LZ, Lange AJ, Vionnet N, Stoffel M, Froguel P, Velho G, Sun F, Cohen D, et al.. Glucokinase mutations associated with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus have decreased enzymatic activity: implications for structure/function relationships. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar 1;90(5):1932-6. PMID:8446612
  7. ↑ Hager J, Blanche H, Sun F, Vaxillaire NV, Poller W, Cohen D, Czernichow P, Velho G, Robert JJ, Cohen N, et al.. Six mutations in the glucokinase gene identified in MODY by using a nonradioactive sensitive screening technique. Diabetes. 1994 May;43(5):730-3. PMID:8168652
  8. ↑ Velho G, Blanche H, Vaxillaire M, Bellanne-Chantelot C, Pardini VC, Timsit J, Passa P, Deschamps I, Robert JJ, Weber IT, Marotta D, Pilkis SJ, Lipkind GM, Bell GI, Froguel P. Identification of 14 new glucokinase mutations and description of the clinical profile of 42 MODY-2 families. Diabetologia. 1997 Feb;40(2):217-24. PMID:9049484 doi:10.1007/s001250050666
  9. ↑ Guazzini B, Gaffi D, Mainieri D, Multari G, Cordera R, Bertolini S, Pozza G, Meschi F, Barbetti F. Three novel missense mutations in the glucokinase gene (G80S; E221K; G227C) in Italian subjects with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). Mutations in brief no. 162. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(2):136. PMID:10694920 doi:<136::AID-HUMU11>3.0.CO;2-0 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1998)12:2<136::AID-HUMU11>3.0.CO;2-0
  10. ↑ Hattersley AT, Beards F, Ballantyne E, Appleton M, Harvey R, Ellard S. Mutations in the glucokinase gene of the fetus result in reduced birth weight. Nat Genet. 1998 Jul;19(3):268-70. PMID:9662401 doi:10.1038/953
  11. ↑ Ng MC, Cockburn BN, Lindner TH, Yeung VT, Chow CC, So WY, Li JK, Lo YM, Lee ZS, Cockram CS, Critchley JA, Bell GI, Chan JC. Molecular genetics of diabetes mellitus in Chinese subjects: identification of mutations in glucokinase and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha genes in patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus/MODY. Diabet Med. 1999 Nov;16(11):956-63. PMID:10588527
  12. ↑ Nam JH, Lee HC, Kim YH, Cha BS, Song YD, Lim SK, Kim KR, Huh KB. Identification of glucokinase mutation in subjects with post-renal transplantation diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2000 Dec;50(3):169-76. PMID:11106831
  13. ↑ Njolstad PR, Sovik O, Cuesta-Munoz A, Bjorkhaug L, Massa O, Barbetti F, Undlien DE, Shiota C, Magnuson MA, Molven A, Matschinsky FM, Bell GI. Neonatal diabetes mellitus due to complete glucokinase deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 24;344(21):1588-92. PMID:11372010 doi:10.1056/NEJM200105243442104
  14. ↑ Glaser B, Kesavan P, Heyman M, Davis E, Cuesta A, Buchs A, Stanley CA, Thornton PS, Permutt MA, Matschinsky FM, Herold KC. Familial hyperinsulinism caused by an activating glucokinase mutation. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jan 22;338(4):226-30. PMID:9435328 doi:10.1056/NEJM199801223380404
  15. ↑ Filipski KJ, Guzman-Perez A, Bian J, Perreault C, Aspnes GE, Didiuk MT, Dow RL, Hank RF, Jones CS, Maguire RJ, Tu M, Zeng D, Liu S, Knafels JD, Litchfield J, Atkinson K, Derksen DR, Bourbonais F, Gajiwala KS, Hickey M, Johnson TO, Humphries PS, Pfefferkorn JA. Pyrimidone-based series of glucokinase activators with alternative donor-acceptor motif. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Jun 20. pii: S0960-894X(13)00745-2. doi:, 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.036. PMID:23831135 doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.036

4l3q, resolution 2.70Å

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