SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutations: Difference between revisions
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is termed '''B.1.1.7''' or '''VOC 202012/01'''<ref name="nervtag1" /><ref name="phe1">[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948152/Technical_Briefing_VOC202012-2_Briefing_2_FINAL.pdf Investigation of novel SARS-CoV-2 variant. Variant of Concern 202012/01. Technical briefing 2.] published December 28, 2020 by [http://www.gov.uk/phe Public Health England].</ref>. It is the first well charactized mutant lineage recognized late in the pandemic (see [[#Notes|Note 1]]). | is termed '''B.1.1.7''' or '''VOC 202012/01'''<ref name="nervtag1" /><ref name="phe1">[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948152/Technical_Briefing_VOC202012-2_Briefing_2_FINAL.pdf Investigation of novel SARS-CoV-2 variant. Variant of Concern 202012/01. Technical briefing 2.] published December 28, 2020 by [http://www.gov.uk/phe Public Health England].</ref>. It is the first well charactized mutant lineage recognized late in the pandemic (see [[#Notes|Note 1]]). | ||
In late December, 2020, there was news from '''South Africa''' of another lineage becoming prevalent there, termed '''501.V2'''<ref name="gisaid1">[https://www.gisaid.org/references/gisaid-in-the-news/novel-mutation-combination-in-spike-receptor-binding-site/ Novel variant 501.V2 with triple spike receptor binding site substit[utions] posted December 21, 2020 by the GSAID Influenza and Coronavirus sequences Initiative.</ref>, or '''B.1.351'''<ref name="cdc1">[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants], CDC report, update of January 3, 2021.</ref>. | In late December, 2020, there was news from '''South Africa''' of another lineage becoming prevalent there, termed '''501.V2'''<ref name="gisaid1">[https://www.gisaid.org/references/gisaid-in-the-news/novel-mutation-combination-in-spike-receptor-binding-site/ Novel variant 501.V2 with triple spike receptor binding site substit[utions] posted December 21, 2020 by the GSAID Influenza and Coronavirus sequences Initiative.</ref>, 501Y.V2, or '''B.1.351'''<ref name="cdc1">[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants], CDC report, update of January 3, 2021.</ref>. | ||
In December, 2020, many scientists believed that B.1.1.7 is more contagious<ref name="nervtag1">[https://app.box.com/s/3lkcbxepqixkg4mv640dpvvg978ixjtf/file/756964987830 NERVTAG/SPI-M Extraordinary meetingon SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (variant B.1.1.7)], December 21, 2020, from the UK Government [https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/new-and-emerging-respiratory-virus-threats-advisory-group New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group].</ref>, but there remained some uncertainty, since the increase in B.1.1.7 could also be related to founder effects or variations in human behaviors in regions of England<ref name="racaniello1">[https://www.virology.ws/2020/12/24/sars-cov-2-uk-variant-does-it-matter/ SARS-CoV-2 UK variant: Does it matter?], a 25 min video explanation recorded December 21, 2020, by Vincent Racaniello, Professor of virology at Columbia University, New York City.</ref>. However, by early January, 2021, it appeared very likely that B.1.1.7 and 501.V2 are more contagious<ref name="leonhardt1">[https://nyti.ms/2X7JT7z A simple chart shows why the new coronavirus variants are so worrisome], David Leonhardt, New York Times, January 4, 2021. A chart of new daily coronavirus cases shows Britain and South Africa surging, far exceeding rates in neighboring countries.</ref>. | In December, 2020, many scientists believed that B.1.1.7 is more contagious<ref name="nervtag1">[https://app.box.com/s/3lkcbxepqixkg4mv640dpvvg978ixjtf/file/756964987830 NERVTAG/SPI-M Extraordinary meetingon SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (variant B.1.1.7)], December 21, 2020, from the UK Government [https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/new-and-emerging-respiratory-virus-threats-advisory-group New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group].</ref>, but there remained some uncertainty, since the increase in B.1.1.7 could also be related to founder effects or variations in human behaviors in regions of England<ref name="racaniello1">[https://www.virology.ws/2020/12/24/sars-cov-2-uk-variant-does-it-matter/ SARS-CoV-2 UK variant: Does it matter?], a 25 min video explanation recorded December 21, 2020, by Vincent Racaniello, Professor of virology at Columbia University, New York City.</ref>. However, by early January, 2021, it appeared very likely that B.1.1.7 and 501.V2 are more contagious<ref name="leonhardt1">[https://nyti.ms/2X7JT7z A simple chart shows why the new coronavirus variants are so worrisome], David Leonhardt, New York Times, January 4, 2021. A chart of new daily coronavirus cases shows Britain and South Africa surging, far exceeding rates in neighboring countries.</ref>. | ||
In January, 2021, a lineage with mutation '''L452R''' was reported to be expanding rapidly in Northern California, USA<ref name="santaclara">[https://www.sccgov.org/sites/covid19/Pages/press-release-01-17-2021-COVID-19-variant-more-frequent-in-CA.aspx COVID-19 Variant First Found in Other Countries and States Now Seen More Frequently in California], January 17, 2021, Santa Clara County Public Health, California, USA.</ref>. From late 2020 into early 2021, this lineage expanded from 4% of samples to 25%<ref name="deadline">[https://deadline.com/2021/01/another-new-covid-19-variant-in-l-a-vaccine-resistant-denmark-1234675834/ Another New Covid-19 Variant Discovered In L.A. Might Be Vaccine Resistant, Researcher Says; Strain First Identified In Denmark] by Tom Tapp in ''Deadline'', January 18, 2021.</ref>. | In January, 2021, a lineage with mutation '''L452R''' was reported to be expanding rapidly in Northern California, USA<ref name="santaclara">[https://www.sccgov.org/sites/covid19/Pages/press-release-01-17-2021-COVID-19-variant-more-frequent-in-CA.aspx COVID-19 Variant First Found in Other Countries and States Now Seen More Frequently in California], January 17, 2021, Santa Clara County Public Health, California, USA.</ref>. From late 2020 into early 2021, this lineage expanded from 4% of samples to 25%<ref name="deadline">[https://deadline.com/2021/01/another-new-covid-19-variant-in-l-a-vaccine-resistant-denmark-1234675834/ Another New Covid-19 Variant Discovered In L.A. Might Be Vaccine Resistant, Researcher Says; Strain First Identified In Denmark] by Tom Tapp in ''Deadline'', January 18, 2021.</ref>. | ||
Also in January, 2021, the lineage '''P.1''' was found to have increased rapidly in Manaus, Brazil<ref name="P1.1">[https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/a-guide-to-emerging-sars-cov-2-variants-68387 A Guide to Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants] by Katarina Zimmer, ''The Scientist'', January 26, 2021.</ref>. P.1 has 10 mutations in the spike protein, including 3 in common with the South African lineage 501.V2 (N501Y, K417N, and E484K)<ref name="P1.1" />. | |||
===Mutations Most Concerning=== | ===Mutations Most Concerning=== | ||