Cytochrome C -Adis: Difference between revisions

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Adis Hasic, Michal Harel

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 Proteopedia)
-== Relevance ==
+== Purpose in ETC and Photosynthesis ==
+Cytochrome C also plays a key role in the Electron Transport Chain in mitochondria. It is one of
+the many electron carriers in the electron transport chain but quite a vital one. The heme group
+portion of Cytochrome C accepts the electrons from the bc1 complex and then carries the
+electrons to complex IV. Once at complex IV, the cytochrome C release their electron that they
+are carrying and it is given to the Cytochrome C Oxidase enzyme. This enzyme collects 4
+electrons from 4 different Cytochrome C transport proteins and transfers them to one dioxygen
+molecule in order to make two molecules of water. It is also found within the thylakoid
+membrane in the chloroplast of plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae. In photosynthesis,
+Cytochrome C is one of the steps that transfers electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I.
+Concurrently, it pumps protons across the thylakoid membrane adding in its own contribution
+into creating an electrochemical gradient. Later in the cycle, the electrochemical gradient will
+then be used in order to synthesize ATP from ADP. (The Multiple Functions of Cytochrome c)
-== Structural highlights ==
+== Medical/Research Purposes ==
+A proposal by many research scientists has been to regulate mitochondrial energy
-This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name="/12/3456/Sample/1">color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name="/12/3456/Sample/2">a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.
+production and ROS production through the phosphorylation of cytochrome C. It has been
+observed that Tyr48Glu phosphomimetic mutant Cytochrome c reacts with CcO, but it is
+partially inhibited which leads to controlled respiration. (The Multiple Functions of Cytochrome
+c) They are proposing that “this effect plays an essential role in the prevention of ROS under
+healthy conditions.” There is evidence when cellular stress is happening, Cytochrome C then
+becomes phosphorylated. Once dephosphorylated, controlled respiration ceases which then sets
+up Cytochrome C to initiate apoptosis. They report that the cellular stress causes mitochondrial
+membrane potential differences and it needs to be taken into account to be able to determine the
+risks behind changes in OxPhos activity. The study focuses mainly on the phosphorylation of
+Cytochrome C, but acknowledges the fact that other factors may also be affected through their
+actions. Others have began to focus their research on major diseases such as Huntington’s
+disease or diverse forms of cancer. In a post by the New Journal of Science, they report that the
+closest that anyone has come to a universal cure for cancers has been with the use of the
+apoptotic function of cytochrome C. They went on to explain that tricking the body into
+believing these cancerous cells are ready to die, they could negate the effects of the ineffective
+p53 gene.
 </StructureSection>
 == References ==
 <references/>