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{{Large structure}}
==STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN 80S RIBOSOME==
==STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN 80S RIBOSOME==
<StructureSection load='4ug0' size='340' side='right' caption='[[4ug0]]' scene=''>
<StructureSection load='4ug0' size='340' side='right' caption='[[4ug0]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 3.60&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4ug0]] is a 81 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4UG0 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4UG0 FirstGlance]. <br>
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4ug0]] is a 81 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4UG0 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4UG0 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-(apurinic_or_apyrimidinic_site)_lyase DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=4.2.99.18 4.2.99.18] </span></td></tr>
<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-(apurinic_or_apyrimidinic_site)_lyase DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=4.2.99.18 4.2.99.18] </span></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ug0 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ug0 OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ug0 RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ug0 PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ug0 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4ug0 OCA], [http://pdbe.org/4ug0 PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4ug0 RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4ug0 PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4ug0 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
</table>
{{Large structure}}
{{Large structure}}
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From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 4ug0" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>


==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Receptor for activated protein kinase C 1|Receptor for activated protein kinase C 1]]
*[[TRNA|TRNA]]
== References ==
== References ==
<references/>
<references/>

Revision as of 10:12, 15 February 2018

Warning: this is a large structure, and loading might take a long time or not happen at all.

STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN 80S RIBOSOMESTRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN 80S RIBOSOME

Structural highlights

4ug0 is a 81 chain structure with sequence from Homo sapiens. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
Ligands:,
Activity:DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase, with EC number 4.2.99.18
Resources:FirstGlance, OCA, PDBe, RCSB, PDBsum, ProSAT
Warning: this is a large structure, and loading might take a long time or not happen at all.

Disease

[RL5_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 6 (DBA6) [MIM:612561]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.[1] [2] [RL26_HUMAN] Diamond-Blackfan anemia 11 (DBA11) [MIM:614900]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.[3] [RL7A_HUMAN] Note=Chromosomal recombination involving RPL7A activates the receptor kinase domain of the TRK oncogene. [RS24_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 3 (DBA3) [MIM:610629]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.[4] [RS10_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 9 (DBA9) [MIM:613308]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.[5] [RS26_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 10 (DBA10) [MIM:613309]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.[6] [RS14_HUMAN] Myelodysplastic syndrome associated with isolated del(5q) chromosome abnormality. [RS19_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 1 (DBA1) [MIM:105650]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [REFERENCE:18] [RS7_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 8 (DBA8) [MIM:612563]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.[14] [RL21_HUMAN] Hypotrichosis simplex. Note=Defects in RPL21 are a cause of generalized hypotrichosis simplex (HTS). A rare form of non-syndromic hereditary hypotrichosis without characteristic hair shaft anomalies. Affected individuals typically show normal hair at birth, but hair loss and thinning of the hair shaft start during early childhood and progress with age.[15] [RL11_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 7 (DBA7) [MIM:612562]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.[16] [17] [RL35A_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 5 (DBA5) [MIM:612528]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.[18]

Function

[RL5_HUMAN] Required for rRNA maturation and formation of the 60S ribosomal subunits. This protein binds 5S RNA.[19] [RL23A_HUMAN] This protein binds to a specific region on the 26S rRNA (By similarity). [RS6_HUMAN] May play an important role in controlling cell growth and proliferation through the selective translation of particular classes of mRNA. [RS18_HUMAN] Located at the top of the head of the 40S subunit, it contacts several helices of the 18S rRNA (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01315] [RS24_HUMAN] Required for processing of pre-rRNA and maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.[20] [RS3A_HUMAN] May play a role during erythropoiesis through regulation of transcription factor DDIT3 (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_03122] [RL40_HUMAN] Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.[21] [22] Ribosomal protein L40 is a component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome.[23] [24] [RL10L_HUMAN] May play a role in compensating for the inactivated X-linked gene during spermatogenesis. [RS10_HUMAN] Component of the 40S ribosomal subunit. [RS19_HUMAN] Required for pre-rRNA processing and maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.[25] [RS7_HUMAN] Required for rRNA maturation.[26] [GBLP_HUMAN] Involved in the recruitment, assembly and/or regulation of a variety of signaling molecules. Interacts with a wide variety of proteins and plays a role in many cellular processes. Component of the 40S ribosomal subunit involved in translational repression. Binds to and stabilizes activated protein kinase C (PKC), increasing PKC-mediated phosphorylation. May recruit activated PKC to the ribosome, leading to phosphorylation of EIF6. Inhibits the activity of SRC kinases including SRC, LCK and YES1. Inhibits cell growth by prolonging the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Enhances phosphorylation of BMAL1 by PRKCA and inhibits transcriptional activity of the BMAL1-CLOCK heterodimer. Facilitates ligand-independent nuclear translocation of AR following PKC activation, represses AR transactivation activity and is required for phosphorylation of AR by SRC. Modulates IGF1R-dependent integrin signaling and promotes cell spreading and contact with the extracellular matrix. Involved in PKC-dependent translocation of ADAM12 to the cell membrane. Promotes the ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of proteins such as CLEC1B and HIF1A. Required for VANGL2 membrane localization, inhibits Wnt signaling, and regulates cellular polarization and oriented cell division during gastrulation. Required for PTK2/FAK1 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Regulates internalization of the muscarinic receptor CHRM2. Promotes apoptosis by increasing oligomerization of BAX and disrupting the interaction of BAX with the anti-apoptotic factor BCL2L. Inhibits TRPM6 channel activity. Regulates cell surface expression of some GPCRs such as TBXA2R. Plays a role in regulation of FLT1-mediated cell migration. Binds to Y.pseudotuberculosis yopK which leads to inhibition of phagocytosis and survival of bacteria following infection of host cells. Enhances phosphorylation of HIV-1 Nef by PKCs. Promotes migration of breast carcinoma cells by binding to and activating RHOA.[27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [RL13A_HUMAN] Associated with ribosomes but is not required for canonical ribosome function and has extra-ribosomal functions. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma activation and subsequent phosphorylation dissociates from the ribosome and assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation. In the GAIT complex interacts with m7G cap-bound eIF4G at or near the eIF3-binding site and blocks the recruitment of the 43S ribosomal complex. Involved in methylation of rRNA.[46] [47] [48] [49] [RS27A_HUMAN] Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.[50] [51] Ribosomal protein S27a is a component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome.[52] [53] [RSSA_HUMAN] Required for the assembly and/or stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA in a late step of the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. Also functions as a cell surface receptor for laminin. Plays a role in cell adhesion to the basement membrane and in the consequent activation of signaling transduction pathways. May play a role in cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis. Acts as a PPP1R16B-dependent substrate of PPP1CA. Also acts as a receptor for several other ligands, including the pathogenic prion protein, viruses, and bacteria.[54] [55] [56] [RL41_HUMAN] Interacts with the beta subunit of protein kinase CKII and stimulates phosphorylation of DNA topoisomerase II alpha by CKII. [RL11_HUMAN] Binds to 5S ribosomal RNA (By similarity). Required for rRNA maturation and formation of the 60S ribosomal subunits. Promotes nucleolar location of PML (By similarity).[57] [RL7_HUMAN] Binds to G-rich structures in 28S rRNA and in mRNAs. Plays a regulatory role in the translation apparatus; inhibits cell-free translation of mRNAs. [RL6_HUMAN] Specifically binds to domain C of the Tax-responsive enhancer element in the long terminal repeat of HTLV-I. [RL37_HUMAN] Binds to the 23S rRNA (By similarity). [RL35A_HUMAN] Required for the proliferation and viability of hematopoietic cells. Plays a role in 60S ribosomal subunit formation. The protein was found to bind to both initiator and elongator tRNAs and consequently was assigned to the P site or P and A site.[58] [RL3_HUMAN] The L3 protein is a component of the large subunit of cytoplasmic ribosomes.

Publication Abstract from PubMed

Ribosomes are translational machineries that catalyse protein synthesis. Ribosome structures from various species are known at the atomic level, but obtaining the structure of the human ribosome has remained a challenge; efforts to address this would be highly relevant with regard to human diseases. Here we report the near-atomic structure of the human ribosome derived from high-resolution single-particle cryo-electron microscopy and atomic model building. The structure has an average resolution of 3.6 A, reaching 2.9 A resolution in the most stable regions. It provides unprecedented insights into ribosomal RNA entities and amino acid side chains, notably of the transfer RNA binding sites and specific molecular interactions with the exit site tRNA. It reveals atomic details of the subunit interface, which is seen to remodel strongly upon rotational movements of the ribosomal subunits. Furthermore, the structure paves the way for analysing antibiotic side effects and diseases associated with deregulated protein synthesis.

Structure of the human 80S ribosome.,Khatter H, Myasnikov AG, Natchiar SK, Klaholz BP Nature. 2015 Apr 30;520(7549):640-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14427. Epub 2015 Apr 22. PMID:25901680[59]

From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Gazda HT, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Schneider H, Darras N, Hasman C, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Zaucha JM, Glader B, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;83(6):769-80. PMID:19061985 doi:S0002-9297(08)00589-2
  2. ↑ Cmejla R, Cmejlova J, Handrkova H, Petrak J, Petrtylova K, Mihal V, Stary J, Cerna Z, Jabali Y, Pospisilova D. Identification of mutations in the ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5) and ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11) genes in Czech patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Hum Mutat. 2009 Mar;30(3):321-7. doi: 10.1002/humu.20874. PMID:19191325 doi:10.1002/humu.20874
  3. ↑ Gazda HT, Preti M, Sheen MR, O'Donohue MF, Vlachos A, Davies SM, Kattamis A, Doherty L, Landowski M, Buros C, Ghazvinian R, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Glader B, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Frameshift mutation in p53 regulator RPL26 is associated with multiple physical abnormalities and a specific pre-ribosomal RNA processing defect in diamond-blackfan anemia. Hum Mutat. 2012 Jul;33(7):1037-44. doi: 10.1002/humu.22081. Epub 2012 Apr 16. PMID:22431104 doi:10.1002/humu.22081
  4. ↑ Gazda HT, Grabowska A, Merida-Long LB, Latawiec E, Schneider HE, Lipton JM, Vlachos A, Atsidaftos E, Ball SE, Orfali KA, Niewiadomska E, Da Costa L, Tchernia G, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Stahl J, Schratt G, Glader B, Backer K, Wong C, Nathan DG, Beggs AH, Sieff CA. Ribosomal protein S24 gene is mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Dec;79(6):1110-8. Epub 2006 Nov 2. PMID:17186470 doi:10.1086/510020
  5. ↑ Doherty L, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Clinton C, Schneider HE, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Glader B, Arceci RJ, Farrar JE, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Gazda HT. Ribosomal protein genes RPS10 and RPS26 are commonly mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Feb 12;86(2):222-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.12.015. Epub, 2010 Jan 28. PMID:20116044 doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.12.015
  6. ↑ Doherty L, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Clinton C, Schneider HE, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Glader B, Arceci RJ, Farrar JE, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Gazda HT. Ribosomal protein genes RPS10 and RPS26 are commonly mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Feb 12;86(2):222-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.12.015. Epub, 2010 Jan 28. PMID:20116044 doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.12.015
  7. ↑ Angelini M, Cannata S, Mercaldo V, Gibello L, Santoro C, Dianzani I, Loreni F. Missense mutations associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia affect the assembly of ribosomal protein S19 into the ribosome. Hum Mol Genet. 2007 Jul 15;16(14):1720-7. Epub 2007 May 20. PMID:17517689 doi:ddm120
  8. ↑ Da Costa L, Tchernia G, Gascard P, Lo A, Meerpohl J, Niemeyer C, Chasis JA, Fixler J, Mohandas N. Nucleolar localization of RPS19 protein in normal cells and mislocalization due to mutations in the nucleolar localization signals in 2 Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients: potential insights into pathophysiology. Blood. 2003 Jun 15;101(12):5039-45. Epub 2003 Feb 13. PMID:12586610 doi:10.1182/blood-2002-12-3878
  9. ↑ Draptchinskaia N, Gustavsson P, Andersson B, Pettersson M, Willig TN, Dianzani I, Ball S, Tchernia G, Klar J, Matsson H, Tentler D, Mohandas N, Carlsson B, Dahl N. The gene encoding ribosomal protein S19 is mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anaemia. Nat Genet. 1999 Feb;21(2):169-75. PMID:9988267 doi:10.1038/5951
  10. ↑ Willig TN, Draptchinskaia N, Dianzani I, Ball S, Niemeyer C, Ramenghi U, Orfali K, Gustavsson P, Garelli E, Brusco A, Tiemann C, Perignon JL, Bouchier C, Cicchiello L, Dahl N, Mohandas N, Tchernia G. Mutations in ribosomal protein S19 gene and diamond blackfan anemia: wide variations in phenotypic expression. Blood. 1999 Dec 15;94(12):4294-306. PMID:10590074
  11. ↑ Ramenghi U, Campagnoli MF, Garelli E, Carando A, Brusco A, Bagnara GP, Strippoli P, Izzi GC, Brandalise S, Riccardi R, Dianzani I. Diamond-Blackfan anemia: report of seven further mutations in the RPS19 gene and evidence of mutation heterogeneity in the Italian population. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2000 Oct;26(5):417-22. PMID:11112378 doi:10.1006/bcmd.2000.0324
  12. ↑ Proust A, Da Costa L, Rince P, Landois A, Tamary H, Zaizov R, Tchernia G, Delaunay J. Ten novel Diamond-Blackfan anemia mutations and three polymorphisms within the rps19 gene. Hematol J. 2003;4(2):132-6. PMID:12750732 doi:10.1038/sj.thj.6200230
  13. ↑ Gazda HT, Zhong R, Long L, Niewiadomska E, Lipton JM, Ploszynska A, Zaucha JM, Vlachos A, Atsidaftos E, Viskochil DH, Niemeyer CM, Meerpohl JJ, Rokicka-Milewska R, Pospisilova D, Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W, Nathan DG, Beggs AH, Sieff CA. RNA and protein evidence for haplo-insufficiency in Diamond-Blackfan anaemia patients with RPS19 mutations. Br J Haematol. 2004 Oct;127(1):105-13. PMID:15384984 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05152.x
  14. ↑ Gazda HT, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Schneider H, Darras N, Hasman C, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Zaucha JM, Glader B, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;83(6):769-80. PMID:19061985 doi:S0002-9297(08)00589-2
  15. ↑ Zhou C, Zang D, Jin Y, Wu H, Liu Z, Du J, Zhang J. Mutation in ribosomal protein L21 underlies hereditary hypotrichosis simplex. Hum Mutat. 2011 Jul;32(7):710-4. doi: 10.1002/humu.21503. Epub 2011 Apr 26. PMID:21412954 doi:10.1002/humu.21503
  16. ↑ Gazda HT, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Schneider H, Darras N, Hasman C, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Zaucha JM, Glader B, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;83(6):769-80. PMID:19061985 doi:S0002-9297(08)00589-2
  17. ↑ Cmejla R, Cmejlova J, Handrkova H, Petrak J, Petrtylova K, Mihal V, Stary J, Cerna Z, Jabali Y, Pospisilova D. Identification of mutations in the ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5) and ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11) genes in Czech patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Hum Mutat. 2009 Mar;30(3):321-7. doi: 10.1002/humu.20874. PMID:19191325 doi:10.1002/humu.20874
  18. ↑ Farrar JE, Nater M, Caywood E, McDevitt MA, Kowalski J, Takemoto CM, Talbot CC Jr, Meltzer P, Esposito D, Beggs AH, Schneider HE, Grabowska A, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Sieff CA, Vlachos A, Atsidaftos E, Ellis SR, Lipton JM, Gazda HT, Arceci RJ. Abnormalities of the large ribosomal subunit protein, Rpl35a, in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Blood. 2008 Sep 1;112(5):1582-92. Epub 2008 Jun 5. PMID:18535205 doi:blood-2008-02-140012
  19. ↑ Gazda HT, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Schneider H, Darras N, Hasman C, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Zaucha JM, Glader B, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;83(6):769-80. PMID:19061985 doi:S0002-9297(08)00589-2
  20. ↑ Choesmel V, Fribourg S, Aguissa-Toure AH, Pinaud N, Legrand P, Gazda HT, Gleizes PE. Mutation of ribosomal protein RPS24 in Diamond-Blackfan anemia results in a ribosome biogenesis disorder. Hum Mol Genet. 2008 May 1;17(9):1253-63. Epub 2008 Jan 29. PMID:18230666 doi:ddn015
  21. ↑ Huang F, Kirkpatrick D, Jiang X, Gygi S, Sorkin A. Differential regulation of EGF receptor internalization and degradation by multiubiquitination within the kinase domain. Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):737-48. PMID:16543144 doi:S1097-2765(06)00120-1
  22. ↑ Komander D. The emerging complexity of protein ubiquitination. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):937-53. doi: 10.1042/BST0370937. PMID:19754430 doi:10.1042/BST0370937
  23. ↑ Huang F, Kirkpatrick D, Jiang X, Gygi S, Sorkin A. Differential regulation of EGF receptor internalization and degradation by multiubiquitination within the kinase domain. Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):737-48. PMID:16543144 doi:S1097-2765(06)00120-1
  24. ↑ Komander D. The emerging complexity of protein ubiquitination. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):937-53. doi: 10.1042/BST0370937. PMID:19754430 doi:10.1042/BST0370937
  25. ↑ Flygare J, Aspesi A, Bailey JC, Miyake K, Caffrey JM, Karlsson S, Ellis SR. Human RPS19, the gene mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia, encodes a ribosomal protein required for the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. Blood. 2007 Feb 1;109(3):980-6. Epub 2006 Sep 21. PMID:16990592 doi:blood-2006-07-038232
  26. ↑ Gazda HT, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Schneider H, Darras N, Hasman C, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Zaucha JM, Glader B, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;83(6):769-80. PMID:19061985 doi:S0002-9297(08)00589-2
  27. ↑ Chang BY, Conroy KB, Machleder EM, Cartwright CA. RACK1, a receptor for activated C kinase and a homolog of the beta subunit of G proteins, inhibits activity of src tyrosine kinases and growth of NIH 3T3 cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Jun;18(6):3245-56. PMID:9584165
  28. ↑ Gallina A, Rossi F, Milanesi G. Rack1 binds HIV-1 Nef and can act as a Nef-protein kinase C adaptor. Virology. 2001 Apr 25;283(1):7-18. PMID:11312657 doi:10.1006/viro.2001.0855
  29. ↑ Hermanto U, Zong CS, Li W, Wang LH. RACK1, an insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor-interacting protein, modulates IGF-I-dependent integrin signaling and promotes cell spreading and contact with extracellular matrix. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Apr;22(7):2345-65. PMID:11884618
  30. ↑ Rigas AC, Ozanne DM, Neal DE, Robson CN. The scaffolding protein RACK1 interacts with androgen receptor and promotes cross-talk through a protein kinase C signaling pathway. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 14;278(46):46087-93. Epub 2003 Sep 4. PMID:12958311 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M306219200
  31. ↑ Cox EA, Bennin D, Doan AT, O'Toole T, Huttenlocher A. RACK1 regulates integrin-mediated adhesion, protrusion, and chemotactic cell migration via its Src-binding site. Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Feb;14(2):658-69. PMID:12589061 doi:10.1091/mbc.E02-03-0142
  32. ↑ Kraus S, Gioeli D, Vomastek T, Gordon V, Weber MJ. Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) and Src regulate the tyrosine phosphorylation and function of the androgen receptor. Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 15;66(22):11047-54. PMID:17108144 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0596
  33. ↑ Chuang NN, Huang CC. Interaction of integrin beta1 with cytokeratin 1 in neuroblastoma NMB7 cells. Biochem Soc Trans. 2007 Nov;35(Pt 5):1292-4. PMID:17956333 doi:10.1042/BST0351292
  34. ↑ Liu YV, Baek JH, Zhang H, Diez R, Cole RN, Semenza GL. RACK1 competes with HSP90 for binding to HIF-1alpha and is required for O(2)-independent and HSP90 inhibitor-induced degradation of HIF-1alpha. Mol Cell. 2007 Jan 26;25(2):207-17. PMID:17244529 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.01.001
  35. ↑ Cao G, Thebault S, van der Wijst J, van der Kemp A, Lasonder E, Bindels RJ, Hoenderop JG. RACK1 inhibits TRPM6 activity via phosphorylation of the fused alpha-kinase domain. Curr Biol. 2008 Feb 12;18(3):168-76. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.058. PMID:18258429 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.058
  36. ↑ Bourd-Boittin K, Le Pabic H, Bonnier D, L'Helgoualc'h A, Theret N. RACK1, a new ADAM12 interacting protein. Contribution to liver fibrogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2008 Sep 19;283(38):26000-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M709829200. Epub 2008 , Jul 11. PMID:18621736 doi:10.1074/jbc.M709829200
  37. ↑ Parent A, Laroche G, Hamelin E, Parent JL. RACK1 regulates the cell surface expression of the G protein-coupled receptor for thromboxane A(2). Traffic. 2008 Mar;9(3):394-407. Epub 2007 Dec 14. PMID:18088317 doi:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00692.x
  38. ↑ Ruan Y, Guo L, Qiao Y, Hong Y, Zhou L, Sun L, Wang L, Zhu H, Wang L, Yun X, Xie J, Gu J. RACK1 associates with CLEC-2 and promotes its ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Dec 11;390(2):217-22. doi:, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.087. Epub 2009 Sep 26. PMID:19785988 doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.087
  39. ↑ Kiely PA, Baillie GS, Barrett R, Buckley DA, Adams DR, Houslay MD, O'Connor R. Phosphorylation of RACK1 on tyrosine 52 by c-Abl is required for insulin-like growth factor I-mediated regulation of focal adhesion kinase. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jul 24;284(30):20263-74. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.017640. Epub, 2009 May 7. PMID:19423701 doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.017640
  40. ↑ Wu Y, Wang Y, Sun Y, Zhang L, Wang D, Ren F, Chang D, Chang Z, Jia B. RACK1 promotes Bax oligomerization and dissociates the interaction of Bax and Bcl-XL. Cell Signal. 2010 Oct;22(10):1495-501. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.05.018. Epub, 2010 Jun 10. PMID:20541605 doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.05.018
  41. ↑ Reiner CL, McCullar JS, Kow RL, Le JH, Goodlett DR, Nathanson NM. RACK1 associates with muscarinic receptors and regulates M(2) receptor trafficking. PLoS One. 2010 Oct 20;5(10):e13517. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013517. PMID:20976005 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013517
  42. ↑ Schaffler K, Schulz K, Hirmer A, Wiesner J, Grimm M, Sickmann A, Fischer U. A stimulatory role for the La-related protein 4B in translation. RNA. 2010 Aug;16(8):1488-99. doi: 10.1261/rna.2146910. Epub 2010 Jun 23. PMID:20573744 doi:10.1261/rna.2146910
  43. ↑ Cao XX, Xu JD, Xu JW, Liu XL, Cheng YY, Li QQ, Xu ZD, Liu XP. RACK1 promotes breast carcinoma migration/metastasis via activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011 Apr;126(3):555-63. doi: 10.1007/s10549-010-0955-3. , Epub 2010 May 25. PMID:20499158 doi:10.1007/s10549-010-0955-3
  44. ↑ Wang F, Yamauchi M, Muramatsu M, Osawa T, Tsuchida R, Shibuya M. RACK1 regulates VEGF/Flt1-mediated cell migration via activation of a PI3K/Akt pathway. J Biol Chem. 2011 Mar 18;286(11):9097-106. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.165605. Epub, 2011 Jan 6. PMID:21212275 doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.165605
  45. ↑ Thorslund SE, Edgren T, Pettersson J, Nordfelth R, Sellin ME, Ivanova E, Francis MS, Isaksson EL, Wolf-Watz H, Fallman M. The RACK1 signaling scaffold protein selectively interacts with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis virulence function. PLoS One. 2011 Feb 10;6(2):e16784. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016784. PMID:21347310 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016784
  46. ↑ Mazumder B, Sampath P, Seshadri V, Maitra RK, DiCorleto PE, Fox PL. Regulated release of L13a from the 60S ribosomal subunit as a mechanism of transcript-specific translational control. Cell. 2003 Oct 17;115(2):187-98. PMID:14567916
  47. ↑ Kapasi P, Chaudhuri S, Vyas K, Baus D, Komar AA, Fox PL, Merrick WC, Mazumder B. L13a blocks 48S assembly: role of a general initiation factor in mRNA-specific translational control. Mol Cell. 2007 Jan 12;25(1):113-26. PMID:17218275 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.11.028
  48. ↑ Chaudhuri S, Vyas K, Kapasi P, Komar AA, Dinman JD, Barik S, Mazumder B. Human ribosomal protein L13a is dispensable for canonical ribosome function but indispensable for efficient rRNA methylation. RNA. 2007 Dec;13(12):2224-37. Epub 2007 Oct 5. PMID:17921318 doi:10.1261/rna.694007
  49. ↑ Arif A, Chatterjee P, Moodt RA, Fox PL. Heterotrimeric GAIT complex drives transcript-selective translation inhibition in murine macrophages. Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Dec;32(24):5046-55. doi: 10.1128/MCB.01168-12. Epub 2012 Oct , 15. PMID:23071094 doi:10.1128/MCB.01168-12
  50. ↑ Huang F, Kirkpatrick D, Jiang X, Gygi S, Sorkin A. Differential regulation of EGF receptor internalization and degradation by multiubiquitination within the kinase domain. Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):737-48. PMID:16543144 doi:S1097-2765(06)00120-1
  51. ↑ Komander D. The emerging complexity of protein ubiquitination. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):937-53. doi: 10.1042/BST0370937. PMID:19754430 doi:10.1042/BST0370937
  52. ↑ Huang F, Kirkpatrick D, Jiang X, Gygi S, Sorkin A. Differential regulation of EGF receptor internalization and degradation by multiubiquitination within the kinase domain. Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):737-48. PMID:16543144 doi:S1097-2765(06)00120-1
  53. ↑ Komander D. The emerging complexity of protein ubiquitination. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):937-53. doi: 10.1042/BST0370937. PMID:19754430 doi:10.1042/BST0370937
  54. ↑ Terranova VP, Rao CN, Kalebic T, Margulies IM, Liotta LA. Laminin receptor on human breast carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jan;80(2):444-8. PMID:6300843
  55. ↑ Kim K, Li L, Kozlowski K, Suh HS, Cao W, Ballermann BJ. The protein phosphatase-1 targeting subunit TIMAP regulates LAMR1 phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Dec 23;338(3):1327-34. Epub 2005 Oct 25. PMID:16263087 doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.089
  56. ↑ Kim KJ, Chung JW, Kim KS. 67-kDa laminin receptor promotes internalization of cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1-expressing Escherichia coli K1 into human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jan 14;280(2):1360-8. Epub 2004 Oct 29. PMID:15516338 doi:M410176200
  57. ↑ Gazda HT, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Schneider H, Darras N, Hasman C, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Zaucha JM, Glader B, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;83(6):769-80. PMID:19061985 doi:S0002-9297(08)00589-2
  58. ↑ Farrar JE, Nater M, Caywood E, McDevitt MA, Kowalski J, Takemoto CM, Talbot CC Jr, Meltzer P, Esposito D, Beggs AH, Schneider HE, Grabowska A, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Sieff CA, Vlachos A, Atsidaftos E, Ellis SR, Lipton JM, Gazda HT, Arceci RJ. Abnormalities of the large ribosomal subunit protein, Rpl35a, in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Blood. 2008 Sep 1;112(5):1582-92. Epub 2008 Jun 5. PMID:18535205 doi:blood-2008-02-140012
  59. ↑ Khatter H, Myasnikov AG, Natchiar SK, Klaholz BP. Structure of the human 80S ribosome. Nature. 2015 Apr 30;520(7549):640-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14427. Epub 2015 Apr 22. PMID:25901680 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14427

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