Sandbox 420: Difference between revisions

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First emergent in Europe in 2004, an herbal incense product known as Spice or K2 was quickly utilized all over the world as a synthetic form of marijuana. Although sold legally in many areas as a “natural incense” that is “not for human consumption”, K2 is a plant-based material with traces of astoundingly potent synthetic cannabinoids, a fact that many users and retailers alike do not fail to recognize.  
First emergent in Europe in 2004, an herbal incense product known as Spice or K2 was quickly utilized all over the world as a synthetic form of marijuana. Although sold legally in many areas as a “natural incense” that is “not for human consumption”, K2 is a plant-based material with traces of astoundingly potent synthetic cannabinoids, a fact that many users and retailers alike do not fail to recognize.  
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana <ref name="k2">DOI 10.3109/03602532.2013.839700 </ref>(2). Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which are found throughout the body <ref name="k2" />.  CB1R is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system <ref name="k2" />.  
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana <ref name="k2">DOI 10.3109/03602532.2013.839700 </ref>(2). Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which are found throughout the body <ref name="k2" />.  CB1R is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system <ref name="k2" />.  
Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many serious health conditions. Due to the delocalization of CB1R receptors throughout the body and in crucial parts of the CNS that regulates bodily functions, K2 can affect many systems of the body simultaneously. Cardiovascularly, K2 can cause tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia,  hypertension and, in rare cases, myocardial infarction (2,3,4). Neurologically, K2 can cause extreme paranoia, psychosis, hallucinations, memory and learning disruptions, dependence and even seizures <ref name="k2" />.  
Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many serious health conditions. Due to the delocalization of CB1R receptors throughout the body and in crucial parts of the CNS that regulates bodily functions, K2 can affect many systems of the body simultaneously. Cardiovascularly, K2 can cause tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia,  hypertension and, in rare cases, myocardial infarction<ref>DOI 10.1542/peds.2010-3823/ref> <ref>DOI 10.3109/15563650.2011.609822ref>(2). Neurologically, K2 can cause extreme paranoia, psychosis, hallucinations, memory and learning disruptions, dependence and even seizures <ref name="k2" />.  


==Structure==
==Structure==

Revision as of 22:02, 7 December 2015

Cannabinoid Receptor 1Cannabinoid Receptor 1

Cannabinoid Receptor 1

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

AbstractAbstract

K2 and other newly popularized drugs laced with synthetic cannabinoids, which mimic those found in marijuana, bind similarly to g-coupled receptors found throughout the body and nervous system. CBR1, in particular, is comprised of 472, mostly nonpolar amino acids that fold into a secondary structure consisting of ten alpha helices and one beta pleated sheet forming a transmembrane domain. Binding to endogenous and exogenous ligands alike, CBR1 acts as an activator in a signal transduction pathway to aid in regulating many major bodily systems. You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia [1] or to the article describing Jmol [2] to the rescue.

HistoryHistory

First emergent in Europe in 2004, an herbal incense product known as Spice or K2 was quickly utilized all over the world as a synthetic form of marijuana. Although sold legally in many areas as a “natural incense” that is “not for human consumption”, K2 is a plant-based material with traces of astoundingly potent synthetic cannabinoids, a fact that many users and retailers alike do not fail to recognize. Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are chemically derived forms of the naturally-occurring psychotropic cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), found in marijuana [3](2). Cannabinoids bind and activate cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R, which are found throughout the body [3]. CB1R is primarily found in the cerebellum as well as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, striatum and brainstem; all vital areas of the central nervous system [3]. Although SCBs are chemically similar to THCs, which exhibit relatively mild side effects when used recreationally, the use of K2 has been linked to many serious health conditions. Due to the delocalization of CB1R receptors throughout the body and in crucial parts of the CNS that regulates bodily functions, K2 can affect many systems of the body simultaneously. Cardiovascularly, K2 can cause tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia, hypertension and, in rare cases, myocardial infarctionCite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag 

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

  1. ↑ Hanson, R. M., Prilusky, J., Renjian, Z., Nakane, T. and Sussman, J. L. (2013), JSmol and the Next-Generation Web-Based Representation of 3D Molecular Structure as Applied to Proteopedia. Isr. J. Chem., 53:207-216. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201300024
  2. ↑ Herraez A. Biomolecules in the computer: Jmol to the rescue. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 2006 Jul;34(4):255-61. doi: 10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644. PMID:21638687 doi:10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Brents LK, Prather PL. The K2/Spice phenomenon: emergence, identification, legislation and metabolic characterization of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense products. Drug Metab Rev. 2014 Feb;46(1):72-85. doi: 10.3109/03602532.2013.839700. Epub, 2013 Sep 24. PMID:24063277 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03602532.2013.839700
  4. ↑ "The History of Synthetic Drugs (Spice, K2 and Bath Salts)." Narconon International. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.
  5. ↑ Mir MD, Arshid, Adebsi Obafemi MD, Amy Young MD, and Colin Kane MD. "Myocardial Infarction Associated With Use of the Synthetic Cannabinoid K@."Pediatrics. Print.
  6. ↑ Lapoint, J. et al. “Severe Toxicity Following Synthetic Cannabinoid Ingestion.” Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 49.8 (2011): 760–764. PMC. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.
  7. ↑ Svizenska, Ivana, Petr Dubovy, and Alexandra Sulcova. "Cannabinoid Receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), Their Distribution, Ligands and Functional Involvement in Nervous System Structures — A Short Review." Elsevier B.V. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305708001743>.
  8. ↑ Domenici, Maria R., Shahnaz C. Azad, Giovanni Marsicano, Anja Schierloh, Carsten T. Wotjak, Hans-Ulrich Dodt, Walter Zieglgansberger, Beat Lutz, and Gerhard Rammes."Cannabinoid Recepter Type 1 Located on Presynaptic Terminals of Principal Neurons in the Forebrain Controls Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission." The Journal of Neuroscience (2006). Print.
  9. ↑ Albayram, Onder et al. “Role of CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors on GABAergic Neurons in Brain Aging.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108.27 (2011): 11256–11261. PMC. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.
  10. ↑ Han, Jing, Philip Kesner, Mathilde Metna-Laurent, Tingting Duan, Lin Xu, Francois Georges, Muriel Koehl, Djoher Nora Abrous, Juan Mendizabal-Zubiaga, Pedro Grandes, Qingsong Liu, Guang Bai, Wei Wang, Lize Xiong, Wei Ren, Giovanni Marsicano, and Xia Zhang. "Acute Cannabinoids Impair Working Memory through Astroglial CB1 Receptor Modulation of Hippocampal LTD." Cell: 1039-050. Print.
  11. ↑ Jager, Gerry, and Renger F. Witkamp. "The Endocannabinoid System and Appetite: Relevance for Food Reward." Nutr. Res. Rev. Nutrition Research Reviews: 172-85. Print.
  12. ↑ Fantegrossi, William E. et al. “Distinct Pharmacology and Metabolism of K2 Synthetic Cannabinoids Compared to Δ9-THC: Mechanism Underlying Greater Toxicity?” Life sciences 97.1 (2014): 45–54. PMC. Web. 16 Nov. 2015

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