4zzo: Difference between revisions

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'''Unreleased structure'''
==Human ERK2 in complex with an irreversible inhibitor==
<StructureSection load='4zzo' size='340' side='right' caption='[[4zzo]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.63&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4zzo]] is a 1 chain structure. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4ZZO OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4ZZO FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CQ3:N-[2-[[5-CHLORANYL-2-(OXAN-4-YLAMINO)PYRIMIDIN-4-YL]AMINO]PHENYL]PROPANAMIDE'>CQ3</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SO4:SULFATE+ION'>SO4</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='NonStdRes'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Non-Standard_Residue|NonStd Res:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CME:S,S-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)THIOCYSTEINE'>CME</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[4zzm|4zzm]], [[4zzn|4zzn]]</td></tr>
<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase Mitogen-activated protein kinase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.11.24 2.7.11.24] </span></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4zzo FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4zzo OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4zzo RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4zzo PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MK01_HUMAN MK01_HUMAN]] Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK3/ERK1 are the 2 MAPKs which play an important role in the MAPK/ERK cascade. They participate also in a signaling cascade initiated by activated KIT and KITLG/SCF. Depending on the cellular context, the MAPK/ERK cascade mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation through the regulation of transcription, translation, cytoskeletal rearrangements. The MAPK/ERK cascade plays also a role in initiation and regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors. About 160 substrates have already been discovered for ERKs. Many of these substrates are localized in the nucleus, and seem to participate in the regulation of transcription upon stimulation. However, other substrates are found in the cytosol as well as in other cellular organelles, and those are responsible for processes such as translation, mitosis and apoptosis. Moreover, the MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of the endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC); as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis. The substrates include transcription factors (such as ATF2, BCL6, ELK1, ERF, FOS, HSF4 or SPZ1), cytoskeletal elements (such as CANX, CTTN, GJA1, MAP2, MAPT, PXN, SORBS3 or STMN1), regulators of apoptosis (such as BAD, BTG2, CASP9, DAPK1, IER3, MCL1 or PPARG), regulators of translation (such as EIF4EBP1) and a variety of other signaling-related molecules (like ARHGEF2, DCC, FRS2 or GRB10). Protein kinases (such as RAF1, RPS6KA1/RSK1, RPS6KA3/RSK2, RPS6KA2/RSK3, RPS6KA6/RSK4, SYK, MKNK1/MNK1, MKNK2/MNK2, RPS6KA5/MSK1, RPS6KA4/MSK2, MAPKAPK3 or MAPKAPK5) and phosphatases (such as DUSP1, DUSP4, DUSP6 or DUSP16) are other substrates which enable the propagation the MAPK/ERK signal to additional cytosolic and nuclear targets, thereby extending the specificity of the cascade. May play a role in the spindle assembly checkpoint.<ref>PMID:7588608</ref> <ref>PMID:8622688</ref> <ref>PMID:9480836</ref> <ref>PMID:9687510</ref> <ref>PMID:9649500</ref> <ref>PMID:9596579</ref> <ref>PMID:10637505</ref> <ref>PMID:10617468</ref> <ref>PMID:11154262</ref> <ref>PMID:12110590</ref> <ref>PMID:12356731</ref> <ref>PMID:12974390</ref> <ref>PMID:12794087</ref> <ref>PMID:12792650</ref> <ref>PMID:15184391</ref> <ref>PMID:15241487</ref> <ref>PMID:15952796</ref> <ref>PMID:15616583</ref> <ref>PMID:15788397</ref> <ref>PMID:15664191</ref> <ref>PMID:16581800</ref> <ref>PMID:19879846</ref> <ref>PMID:19265199</ref>  Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Binds to a [GC]AAA[GC] consensus sequence. Repress the expression of interferon gamma-induced genes. Seems to bind to the promoter of CCL5, DMP1, IFIH1, IFITM1, IRF7, IRF9, LAMP3, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3 and STAT1. Transcriptional activity is independent of kinase activity.<ref>PMID:7588608</ref> <ref>PMID:8622688</ref> <ref>PMID:9480836</ref> <ref>PMID:9687510</ref> <ref>PMID:9649500</ref> <ref>PMID:9596579</ref> <ref>PMID:10637505</ref> <ref>PMID:10617468</ref> <ref>PMID:11154262</ref> <ref>PMID:12110590</ref> <ref>PMID:12356731</ref> <ref>PMID:12974390</ref> <ref>PMID:12794087</ref> <ref>PMID:12792650</ref> <ref>PMID:15184391</ref> <ref>PMID:15241487</ref> <ref>PMID:15952796</ref> <ref>PMID:15616583</ref> <ref>PMID:15788397</ref> <ref>PMID:15664191</ref> <ref>PMID:16581800</ref> <ref>PMID:19879846</ref> <ref>PMID:19265199</ref> 
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway has been targeted with a number of small molecule inhibitors in oncology clinical development across multiple disease indications. Importantly, cell lines with acquired resistance to B-RAF and MEK inhibitors have been shown to maintain sensitivity to ERK1/2 inhibition by small molecule inhibitors. There are a number of selective, non-covalent, ERK1/2 inhibitors reported along with the promiscuous hypothemycin (and related analogues) which act via a covalent mechanism of action. This manuscript reports the identification of multiple series of highly selective covalent ERK1/2 inhibitors informed by structure-based drug design (SBDD). As a starting point for these covalent inhibitors, both reported ERK1/2 inhibitors and chemical series identified via high-throughput screening, were exploited. These approaches resulted in the identification of selective covalent tool compounds for potential in vitro and in vivo studies to assess the risks and or benefits of targeting this pathway through such a mechanism of action.


The entry 4zzo is ON HOLD  until Paper Publication
Structure-guided Design of Highly Selective and Potent Covalent Inhibitors of ERK1/2.,Ward RA, Colclough N, Challinor M, Debreczeni J, Eckersley K, Fairley G, Feron L, Flemington V, Graham MA, Greenwood R, Hopcroft P, Howard TD, James M, Jones CD, Jones CR, Renshaw J, Roberts K, Snow L, Tonge M, Yeung K J Med Chem. 2015 May 15. PMID:25977981<ref>PMID:25977981</ref>


Authors: Ward, R.A., Colclough, N., Challinor, M., Debreczeni, J.E., Eckersley, K., Fairley, G., Feron, L., Flemington, V., Graham, M.A., Greenwood, R., Hopcroft, P., Howard, T.D., James, M., Jones, C.D., Jones, C.R., Renshaw, J., Roberts, K., Snow, L., Tonge, M., Yeung, K.
From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
 
</div>
Description: Human ERK2 in complex with an irreversible inhibitor
== References ==
[[Category: Unreleased Structures]]
<references/>
[[Category: Flemington, V]]
__TOC__
[[Category: Feron, L]]
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Ward, R.A]]
[[Category: Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]
[[Category: Challinor, M]]
[[Category: Colclough, N]]
[[Category: Colclough, N]]
[[Category: Jones, C.D]]
[[Category: Debreczeni, J E]]
[[Category: Hopcroft, P]]
[[Category: Challinor, M]]
[[Category: Jones, C.R]]
[[Category: Debreczeni, J.E]]
[[Category: Eckersley, K]]
[[Category: Eckersley, K]]
[[Category: Graham, M.A]]
[[Category: Fairley, G]]
[[Category: Fairley, G]]
[[Category: Renshaw, J]]
[[Category: Feron, L]]
[[Category: Flemington, V]]
[[Category: Graham, M A]]
[[Category: Greenwood, R]]
[[Category: Greenwood, R]]
[[Category: Yeung, K]]
[[Category: Hopcroft, P]]
[[Category: Howard, T D]]
[[Category: James, M]]
[[Category: James, M]]
[[Category: Jones, C D]]
[[Category: Jones, C R]]
[[Category: Renshaw, J]]
[[Category: Roberts, K]]
[[Category: Snow, L]]
[[Category: Tonge, M]]
[[Category: Tonge, M]]
[[Category: Howard, T.D]]
[[Category: Ward, R A]]
[[Category: Snow, L]]
[[Category: Yeung, K]]
[[Category: Roberts, K]]
[[Category: Transferase]]

Revision as of 18:50, 27 May 2015

Human ERK2 in complex with an irreversible inhibitorHuman ERK2 in complex with an irreversible inhibitor

Structural highlights

4zzo is a 1 chain structure. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
Ligands:,
NonStd Res:
Activity:Mitogen-activated protein kinase, with EC number 2.7.11.24
Resources:FirstGlance, OCA, RCSB, PDBsum

Function

[MK01_HUMAN] Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK3/ERK1 are the 2 MAPKs which play an important role in the MAPK/ERK cascade. They participate also in a signaling cascade initiated by activated KIT and KITLG/SCF. Depending on the cellular context, the MAPK/ERK cascade mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation through the regulation of transcription, translation, cytoskeletal rearrangements. The MAPK/ERK cascade plays also a role in initiation and regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors. About 160 substrates have already been discovered for ERKs. Many of these substrates are localized in the nucleus, and seem to participate in the regulation of transcription upon stimulation. However, other substrates are found in the cytosol as well as in other cellular organelles, and those are responsible for processes such as translation, mitosis and apoptosis. Moreover, the MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of the endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC); as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis. The substrates include transcription factors (such as ATF2, BCL6, ELK1, ERF, FOS, HSF4 or SPZ1), cytoskeletal elements (such as CANX, CTTN, GJA1, MAP2, MAPT, PXN, SORBS3 or STMN1), regulators of apoptosis (such as BAD, BTG2, CASP9, DAPK1, IER3, MCL1 or PPARG), regulators of translation (such as EIF4EBP1) and a variety of other signaling-related molecules (like ARHGEF2, DCC, FRS2 or GRB10). Protein kinases (such as RAF1, RPS6KA1/RSK1, RPS6KA3/RSK2, RPS6KA2/RSK3, RPS6KA6/RSK4, SYK, MKNK1/MNK1, MKNK2/MNK2, RPS6KA5/MSK1, RPS6KA4/MSK2, MAPKAPK3 or MAPKAPK5) and phosphatases (such as DUSP1, DUSP4, DUSP6 or DUSP16) are other substrates which enable the propagation the MAPK/ERK signal to additional cytosolic and nuclear targets, thereby extending the specificity of the cascade. May play a role in the spindle assembly checkpoint.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Binds to a [GC]AAA[GC] consensus sequence. Repress the expression of interferon gamma-induced genes. Seems to bind to the promoter of CCL5, DMP1, IFIH1, IFITM1, IRF7, IRF9, LAMP3, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3 and STAT1. Transcriptional activity is independent of kinase activity.[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46]

Publication Abstract from PubMed

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway has been targeted with a number of small molecule inhibitors in oncology clinical development across multiple disease indications. Importantly, cell lines with acquired resistance to B-RAF and MEK inhibitors have been shown to maintain sensitivity to ERK1/2 inhibition by small molecule inhibitors. There are a number of selective, non-covalent, ERK1/2 inhibitors reported along with the promiscuous hypothemycin (and related analogues) which act via a covalent mechanism of action. This manuscript reports the identification of multiple series of highly selective covalent ERK1/2 inhibitors informed by structure-based drug design (SBDD). As a starting point for these covalent inhibitors, both reported ERK1/2 inhibitors and chemical series identified via high-throughput screening, were exploited. These approaches resulted in the identification of selective covalent tool compounds for potential in vitro and in vivo studies to assess the risks and or benefits of targeting this pathway through such a mechanism of action.

Structure-guided Design of Highly Selective and Potent Covalent Inhibitors of ERK1/2.,Ward RA, Colclough N, Challinor M, Debreczeni J, Eckersley K, Fairley G, Feron L, Flemington V, Graham MA, Greenwood R, Hopcroft P, Howard TD, James M, Jones CD, Jones CR, Renshaw J, Roberts K, Snow L, Tonge M, Yeung K J Med Chem. 2015 May 15. PMID:25977981[47]

From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

References

  1. ↑ Sgouras DN, Athanasiou MA, Beal GJ Jr, Fisher RJ, Blair DG, Mavrothalassitis GJ. ERF: an ETS domain protein with strong transcriptional repressor activity, can suppress ets-associated tumorigenesis and is regulated by phosphorylation during cell cycle and mitogenic stimulation. EMBO J. 1995 Oct 2;14(19):4781-93. PMID:7588608
  2. ↑ Sithanandam G, Latif F, Duh FM, Bernal R, Smola U, Li H, Kuzmin I, Wixler V, Geil L, Shrestha S. 3pK, a new mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase located in the small cell lung cancer tumor suppressor gene region. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Mar;16(3):868-76. PMID:8622688
  3. ↑ Ni H, Wang XS, Diener K, Yao Z. MAPKAPK5, a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase, is a substrate of the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Feb 13;243(2):492-6. PMID:9480836 doi:S0006-291X(98)98135-9
  4. ↑ Deak M, Clifton AD, Lucocq LM, Alessi DR. Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1) is directly activated by MAPK and SAPK2/p38, and may mediate activation of CREB. EMBO J. 1998 Aug 3;17(15):4426-41. PMID:9687510 doi:10.1093/emboj/17.15.4426
  5. ↑ Niu H, Ye BH, Dalla-Favera R. Antigen receptor signaling induces MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of the BCL-6 transcription factor. Genes Dev. 1998 Jul 1;12(13):1953-61. PMID:9649500
  6. ↑ Camps M, Nichols A, Gillieron C, Antonsson B, Muda M, Chabert C, Boschert U, Arkinstall S. Catalytic activation of the phosphatase MKP-3 by ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1262-5. PMID:9596579
  7. ↑ Cruzalegui FH, Cano E, Treisman R. ERK activation induces phosphorylation of Elk-1 at multiple S/T-P motifs to high stoichiometry. Oncogene. 1999 Dec 23;18(56):7948-57. PMID:10637505 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203362
  8. ↑ Brondello JM, Pouyssegur J, McKenzie FR. Reduced MAP kinase phosphatase-1 degradation after p42/p44MAPK-dependent phosphorylation. Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2514-7. PMID:10617468
  9. ↑ Scheper GC, Morrice NA, Kleijn M, Proud CG. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signal-integrating kinase Mnk2 is a eukaryotic initiation factor 4E kinase with high levels of basal activity in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Feb;21(3):743-54. PMID:11154262 doi:10.1128/MCB.21.3.743-754.2001
  10. ↑ Ouwens DM, de Ruiter ND, van der Zon GC, Carter AP, Schouten J, van der Burgt C, Kooistra K, Bos JL, Maassen JA, van Dam H. Growth factors can activate ATF2 via a two-step mechanism: phosphorylation of Thr71 through the Ras-MEK-ERK pathway and of Thr69 through RalGDS-Src-p38. EMBO J. 2002 Jul 15;21(14):3782-93. PMID:12110590 doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf361
  11. ↑ Garcia J, Ye Y, Arranz V, Letourneux C, Pezeron G, Porteu F. IEX-1: a new ERK substrate involved in both ERK survival activity and ERK activation. EMBO J. 2002 Oct 1;21(19):5151-63. PMID:12356731
  12. ↑ Wu Y, Chen Z, Ullrich A. EGFR and FGFR signaling through FRS2 is subject to negative feedback control by ERK1/2. Biol Chem. 2003 Aug;384(8):1215-26. PMID:12974390 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/BC.2003.134
  13. ↑ Masuda K, Shima H, Katagiri C, Kikuchi K. Activation of ERK induces phosphorylation of MAPK phosphatase-7, a JNK specific phosphatase, at Ser-446. J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 22;278(34):32448-56. Epub 2003 Jun 6. PMID:12794087 doi:10.1074/jbc.M213254200
  14. ↑ Allan LA, Morrice N, Brady S, Magee G, Pathak S, Clarke PR. Inhibition of caspase-9 through phosphorylation at Thr 125 by ERK MAPK. Nat Cell Biol. 2003 Jul;5(7):647-54. PMID:12792650 doi:10.1038/ncb1005
  15. ↑ Mitsushima M, Suwa A, Amachi T, Ueda K, Kioka N. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase activated by epidermal growth factor and cell adhesion interacts with and phosphorylates vinexin. J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 13;279(33):34570-7. Epub 2004 Jun 7. PMID:15184391 doi:10.1074/jbc.M402304200
  16. ↑ Domina AM, Vrana JA, Gregory MA, Hann SR, Craig RW. MCL1 is phosphorylated in the PEST region and stabilized upon ERK activation in viable cells, and at additional sites with cytotoxic okadaic acid or taxol. Oncogene. 2004 Jul 8;23(31):5301-15. PMID:15241487 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207692
  17. ↑ Langlais P, Wang C, Dong LQ, Carroll CA, Weintraub ST, Liu F. Phosphorylation of Grb10 by mitogen-activated protein kinase: identification of Ser150 and Ser476 of human Grb10zeta as major phosphorylation sites. Biochemistry. 2005 Jun 21;44(24):8890-7. PMID:15952796 doi:10.1021/bi050413i
  18. ↑ Chen CH, Wang WJ, Kuo JC, Tsai HC, Lin JR, Chang ZF, Chen RH. Bidirectional signals transduced by DAPK-ERK interaction promote the apoptotic effect of DAPK. EMBO J. 2005 Jan 26;24(2):294-304. Epub 2004 Dec 16. PMID:15616583 doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600510
  19. ↑ Hong JW, Ryu MS, Lim IK. Phosphorylation of serine 147 of tis21/BTG2/pc3 by p-Erk1/2 induces Pin-1 binding in cytoplasm and cell death. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 3;280(22):21256-63. Epub 2005 Mar 23. PMID:15788397 doi:10.1074/jbc.M500318200
  20. ↑ Dougherty MK, Muller J, Ritt DA, Zhou M, Zhou XZ, Copeland TD, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Lu KP, Morrison DK. Regulation of Raf-1 by direct feedback phosphorylation. Mol Cell. 2005 Jan 21;17(2):215-24. PMID:15664191 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.11.055
  21. ↑ Hu Y, Mivechi NF. Association and regulation of heat shock transcription factor 4b with both extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase and dual-specificity tyrosine phosphatase DUSP26. Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Apr;26(8):3282-94. PMID:16581800 doi:26/8/3282
  22. ↑ Hu S, Xie Z, Onishi A, Yu X, Jiang L, Lin J, Rho HS, Woodard C, Wang H, Jeong JS, Long S, He X, Wade H, Blackshaw S, Qian J, Zhu H. Profiling the human protein-DNA interactome reveals ERK2 as a transcriptional repressor of interferon signaling. Cell. 2009 Oct 30;139(3):610-22. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.037. PMID:19879846 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.037
  23. ↑ Sun J, Pedersen M, Ronnstrand L. The D816V mutation of c-Kit circumvents a requirement for Src family kinases in c-Kit signal transduction. J Biol Chem. 2009 Apr 24;284(17):11039-47. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M808058200. Epub 2009, Mar 5. PMID:19265199 doi:10.1074/jbc.M808058200
  24. ↑ Sgouras DN, Athanasiou MA, Beal GJ Jr, Fisher RJ, Blair DG, Mavrothalassitis GJ. ERF: an ETS domain protein with strong transcriptional repressor activity, can suppress ets-associated tumorigenesis and is regulated by phosphorylation during cell cycle and mitogenic stimulation. EMBO J. 1995 Oct 2;14(19):4781-93. PMID:7588608
  25. ↑ Sithanandam G, Latif F, Duh FM, Bernal R, Smola U, Li H, Kuzmin I, Wixler V, Geil L, Shrestha S. 3pK, a new mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase located in the small cell lung cancer tumor suppressor gene region. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Mar;16(3):868-76. PMID:8622688
  26. ↑ Ni H, Wang XS, Diener K, Yao Z. MAPKAPK5, a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase, is a substrate of the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Feb 13;243(2):492-6. PMID:9480836 doi:S0006-291X(98)98135-9
  27. ↑ Deak M, Clifton AD, Lucocq LM, Alessi DR. Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1) is directly activated by MAPK and SAPK2/p38, and may mediate activation of CREB. EMBO J. 1998 Aug 3;17(15):4426-41. PMID:9687510 doi:10.1093/emboj/17.15.4426
  28. ↑ Niu H, Ye BH, Dalla-Favera R. Antigen receptor signaling induces MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of the BCL-6 transcription factor. Genes Dev. 1998 Jul 1;12(13):1953-61. PMID:9649500
  29. ↑ Camps M, Nichols A, Gillieron C, Antonsson B, Muda M, Chabert C, Boschert U, Arkinstall S. Catalytic activation of the phosphatase MKP-3 by ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1262-5. PMID:9596579
  30. ↑ Cruzalegui FH, Cano E, Treisman R. ERK activation induces phosphorylation of Elk-1 at multiple S/T-P motifs to high stoichiometry. Oncogene. 1999 Dec 23;18(56):7948-57. PMID:10637505 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203362
  31. ↑ Brondello JM, Pouyssegur J, McKenzie FR. Reduced MAP kinase phosphatase-1 degradation after p42/p44MAPK-dependent phosphorylation. Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2514-7. PMID:10617468
  32. ↑ Scheper GC, Morrice NA, Kleijn M, Proud CG. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signal-integrating kinase Mnk2 is a eukaryotic initiation factor 4E kinase with high levels of basal activity in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Feb;21(3):743-54. PMID:11154262 doi:10.1128/MCB.21.3.743-754.2001
  33. ↑ Ouwens DM, de Ruiter ND, van der Zon GC, Carter AP, Schouten J, van der Burgt C, Kooistra K, Bos JL, Maassen JA, van Dam H. Growth factors can activate ATF2 via a two-step mechanism: phosphorylation of Thr71 through the Ras-MEK-ERK pathway and of Thr69 through RalGDS-Src-p38. EMBO J. 2002 Jul 15;21(14):3782-93. PMID:12110590 doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf361
  34. ↑ Garcia J, Ye Y, Arranz V, Letourneux C, Pezeron G, Porteu F. IEX-1: a new ERK substrate involved in both ERK survival activity and ERK activation. EMBO J. 2002 Oct 1;21(19):5151-63. PMID:12356731
  35. ↑ Wu Y, Chen Z, Ullrich A. EGFR and FGFR signaling through FRS2 is subject to negative feedback control by ERK1/2. Biol Chem. 2003 Aug;384(8):1215-26. PMID:12974390 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/BC.2003.134
  36. ↑ Masuda K, Shima H, Katagiri C, Kikuchi K. Activation of ERK induces phosphorylation of MAPK phosphatase-7, a JNK specific phosphatase, at Ser-446. J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 22;278(34):32448-56. Epub 2003 Jun 6. PMID:12794087 doi:10.1074/jbc.M213254200
  37. ↑ Allan LA, Morrice N, Brady S, Magee G, Pathak S, Clarke PR. Inhibition of caspase-9 through phosphorylation at Thr 125 by ERK MAPK. Nat Cell Biol. 2003 Jul;5(7):647-54. PMID:12792650 doi:10.1038/ncb1005
  38. ↑ Mitsushima M, Suwa A, Amachi T, Ueda K, Kioka N. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase activated by epidermal growth factor and cell adhesion interacts with and phosphorylates vinexin. J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 13;279(33):34570-7. Epub 2004 Jun 7. PMID:15184391 doi:10.1074/jbc.M402304200
  39. ↑ Domina AM, Vrana JA, Gregory MA, Hann SR, Craig RW. MCL1 is phosphorylated in the PEST region and stabilized upon ERK activation in viable cells, and at additional sites with cytotoxic okadaic acid or taxol. Oncogene. 2004 Jul 8;23(31):5301-15. PMID:15241487 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207692
  40. ↑ Langlais P, Wang C, Dong LQ, Carroll CA, Weintraub ST, Liu F. Phosphorylation of Grb10 by mitogen-activated protein kinase: identification of Ser150 and Ser476 of human Grb10zeta as major phosphorylation sites. Biochemistry. 2005 Jun 21;44(24):8890-7. PMID:15952796 doi:10.1021/bi050413i
  41. ↑ Chen CH, Wang WJ, Kuo JC, Tsai HC, Lin JR, Chang ZF, Chen RH. Bidirectional signals transduced by DAPK-ERK interaction promote the apoptotic effect of DAPK. EMBO J. 2005 Jan 26;24(2):294-304. Epub 2004 Dec 16. PMID:15616583 doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600510
  42. ↑ Hong JW, Ryu MS, Lim IK. Phosphorylation of serine 147 of tis21/BTG2/pc3 by p-Erk1/2 induces Pin-1 binding in cytoplasm and cell death. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 3;280(22):21256-63. Epub 2005 Mar 23. PMID:15788397 doi:10.1074/jbc.M500318200
  43. ↑ Dougherty MK, Muller J, Ritt DA, Zhou M, Zhou XZ, Copeland TD, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Lu KP, Morrison DK. Regulation of Raf-1 by direct feedback phosphorylation. Mol Cell. 2005 Jan 21;17(2):215-24. PMID:15664191 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.11.055
  44. ↑ Hu Y, Mivechi NF. Association and regulation of heat shock transcription factor 4b with both extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase and dual-specificity tyrosine phosphatase DUSP26. Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Apr;26(8):3282-94. PMID:16581800 doi:26/8/3282
  45. ↑ Hu S, Xie Z, Onishi A, Yu X, Jiang L, Lin J, Rho HS, Woodard C, Wang H, Jeong JS, Long S, He X, Wade H, Blackshaw S, Qian J, Zhu H. Profiling the human protein-DNA interactome reveals ERK2 as a transcriptional repressor of interferon signaling. Cell. 2009 Oct 30;139(3):610-22. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.037. PMID:19879846 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.037
  46. ↑ Sun J, Pedersen M, Ronnstrand L. The D816V mutation of c-Kit circumvents a requirement for Src family kinases in c-Kit signal transduction. J Biol Chem. 2009 Apr 24;284(17):11039-47. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M808058200. Epub 2009, Mar 5. PMID:19265199 doi:10.1074/jbc.M808058200
  47. ↑ Ward RA, Colclough N, Challinor M, Debreczeni J, Eckersley K, Fairley G, Feron L, Flemington V, Graham MA, Greenwood R, Hopcroft P, Howard TD, James M, Jones CD, Jones CR, Renshaw J, Roberts K, Snow L, Tonge M, Yeung K. Structure-guided Design of Highly Selective and Potent Covalent Inhibitors of ERK1/2. J Med Chem. 2015 May 15. PMID:25977981 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00466

4zzo, resolution 1.63Å

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