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Class C β-lactamases are a subcategory of β-lactamase enzymes. These enzymes are produced by some bacteria and result in their resistance to a variety of β-lactam antibiotics. β-lactam antibiotics are classified based on their chemical structure which contains a four membered, amide containing ring known as the β-lactam ring. Class C β-lactamases specifically target cephalosporin antibiotics and deactivate their antimicrobial activity by hydrolyzing the β-lactam ring. | Class C β-lactamases are a subcategory of β-lactamase enzymes. These enzymes are produced by some bacteria and result in their resistance to a variety of β-lactam antibiotics. β-lactam antibiotics are classified based on their chemical structure which contains a four membered, amide containing ring known as the β-lactam ring. Class C β-lactamases specifically target cephalosporin antibiotics and deactivate their antimicrobial activity by hydrolyzing the β-lactam ring. | ||
<Structure load='1ke4' size='400' frame='true' color='white' align='right' caption='AmpC Class C Beta-lactamase' /> | <Structure load='1ke4' size='400' frame='true' color='white' align='right' caption='AmpC Class C Beta-lactamase' /> | ||
== Background and beta-lactam antibiotics | == Background and beta-lactam antibiotics == | ||
Since the discovery of penicillin in the late 1920s, β-lactam antibiotics, characterized by their central chemical structure, the β-lactam ring, have played an important role in human health (Fig 1). Unfortunately, extensive use, and often misuse, of such drugs has led to an increased resistance in many species of bacterium resulting in major clinical treatment dilemmas. Each year in the United States alone, a minimum of 2 million people are infected with drug-resistant bacteria and of those 2 million, at least 23,000 infections result in fatality.<ref>Antibiotic Resistant Threat Report in the United States, 2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 16 September, 2013. | Since the discovery of penicillin in the late 1920s, β-lactam antibiotics, characterized by their central chemical structure, the β-lactam ring, have played an important role in human health (Fig 1). Unfortunately, extensive use, and often misuse, of such drugs has led to an increased resistance in many species of bacterium resulting in major clinical treatment dilemmas. Each year in the United States alone, a minimum of 2 million people are infected with drug-resistant bacteria and of those 2 million, at least 23,000 infections result in fatality.<ref>Antibiotic Resistant Threat Report in the United States, 2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 16 September, 2013. | ||
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[[Image:Beta-lactam|300px|right|thumb|Fig 1: Beta-lactam antibiotic]] | [[Image:Beta-lactam|300px|right|thumb|Fig 1: Beta-lactam antibiotic]] | ||
Clinically, β-lactam antibiotics are utilized to combat bacterial infections by targeting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). PBPs are enzymes that are located in the cell membrane and function in cross-linking to form the peptidoglycan layer. PBPs have a deprotonated serine which executes nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon. The PBP is then covalently attached to one unit of peptidoglycan. The amino group of an alanine on a second unit of peptidoglycan then performs a second nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon, resulting in two covalently cross-linked peptidoglycan units and the regeneration of the catalytic PBP (Fig 2). | Clinically, β-lactam antibiotics are utilized to combat bacterial infections by targeting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). PBPs are enzymes that are located in the cell membrane and function in cross-linking to form the peptidoglycan layer. PBPs have a deprotonated serine which executes nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon. The PBP is then covalently attached to one unit of peptidoglycan. The amino group of an alanine on a second unit of peptidoglycan then performs a second nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon, resulting in two covalently cross-linked peptidoglycan units and the regeneration of the catalytic PBP (Fig 2). | ||
Revision as of 07:19, 25 February 2015
| This Sandbox is Reserved from 20/01/2015, through 30/04/2016 for use in the course "CHM 463" taught by Mary Karpen at the Grand Valley State University. This reservation includes Sandbox Reserved 987 through Sandbox Reserved 996. |
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Class C β-lactamases are a subcategory of β-lactamase enzymes. These enzymes are produced by some bacteria and result in their resistance to a variety of β-lactam antibiotics. β-lactam antibiotics are classified based on their chemical structure which contains a four membered, amide containing ring known as the β-lactam ring. Class C β-lactamases specifically target cephalosporin antibiotics and deactivate their antimicrobial activity by hydrolyzing the β-lactam ring.
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Background and beta-lactam antibioticsBackground and beta-lactam antibiotics
Since the discovery of penicillin in the late 1920s, β-lactam antibiotics, characterized by their central chemical structure, the β-lactam ring, have played an important role in human health (Fig 1). Unfortunately, extensive use, and often misuse, of such drugs has led to an increased resistance in many species of bacterium resulting in major clinical treatment dilemmas. Each year in the United States alone, a minimum of 2 million people are infected with drug-resistant bacteria and of those 2 million, at least 23,000 infections result in fatality.[1]
Clinically, β-lactam antibiotics are utilized to combat bacterial infections by targeting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). PBPs are enzymes that are located in the cell membrane and function in cross-linking to form the peptidoglycan layer. PBPs have a deprotonated serine which executes nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon. The PBP is then covalently attached to one unit of peptidoglycan. The amino group of an alanine on a second unit of peptidoglycan then performs a second nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon, resulting in two covalently cross-linked peptidoglycan units and the regeneration of the catalytic PBP (Fig 2).
[[Image:|500px|right|thumb|Fig 2: Peptidoglycan PBP cross-linking mechanism ]]
The β-lactam ring covalently attaches to PBPs, inhibiting them from executing their role in properly synthesizing the cell wall peptidoglycan layer, via nucleophilic attack of the carbonyl carbon (Fig 3). The β-lactam cannot be removed and thus permanently renders the PBP incapable of its catalytic function in cross-linking. Ultimately, this results in death of bacterial cells from osmotic instability or autolysis
ReferencesReferences
- ↑ Antibiotic Resistant Threat Report in the United States, 2013. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 16 September, 2013.