Sandbox 124: Difference between revisions

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Wayne Decatur, Student, Allison Granberry, Marisa L. VanBrakle

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 ==='''Introduction'''===
-<scene name='37/372724/Tp_1_in_grey/1'>Transpeptidase</scene>(TP), also known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBP),
+<scene name='37/372724/Tp_1_in_grey/1'>Transpeptidase</scene>(Transpeptidases (TP),
-catalyzes the cross-linking of peptidoglycan polymers during bacterial cell wall
+also known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBP), catalyze the cross-linking of
-synthesis. The natural transpeptidase substrate is the D-Ala-D-Ala
+peptidoglycan polymers during bacterial cell wall synthesis. The natural transpeptidase
-peptidoglycan side chain terminus. Beta-lactam (β-lactam) antibiotics, which
+substrate is the D-Ala-D-Ala peptidoglycan side chain terminus. Beta-lactam (β-lactam)
-include penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems, bind and irreversibly
+antibiotics, which include penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems, bind and
-inhibit transpeptidases by mimicking the D-Ala-D-Ala substrate, resulting in
+irreversibly inhibit transpeptidases by mimicking the D-Ala-D-Ala substrate, resulting
-the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and ultimately bacterial cell growth.
+in the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and ultimately bacterial cell growth. Overuse
-Overuse and misuse of β-lactams has led to the generation of methicillin resistant
+and misuse of β-lactams has led to the generation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
-Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates that have acquired an
+aureus (MRSA) isolates that have acquired an alternative transpeptidase, PBP2a, which is
-alternative transpeptidase, PBP2a, which is neither bound nor inhibited by β-
+neither bound nor inhibited by β-lactams. MRSA isolates are resistant to all β-lactams, and
-lactams. MRSA isolates are resistant to all β-lactams, can be hospital- or
+are often only susceptible to “last resort antibiotics”, such as vancomycin. Recently, two
-community-acquired, and are often the cause of significant morbidity and
+cephalosporins - ceftobiprole and ceftaroline - that bind and inhibit PBP2a have been
-mortality. Furthermore, they are often only susceptible to “last resort
+developed.
-antibiotics”, such as vancomycin. Recently, two cephalosporins - ceftobiprole
-and ceftaroline - that bind and inhibit PBP2a have been developed.
-β-lactam antibiotics, which include penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems,
-have been used to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections. The overuse and misuse
-of β-lactam antibiotics has led to strains of Staphylococcus aureus that are
-resistant to all β-lactams; so called MRSA strains. MRSA can be hospital- or
-community-acquired and are often the cause of significant morbidity and mortality.
 '''Cell Wall Synthesis'''