OspA L03 Group2: Difference between revisions
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First recognized in 1957, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease Lyme disease] has been estimated to affect between 20 and 100 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States (Rupprecht, 2008). The peak infection rates of this disease occur approximately between the months of May and August in North America (Onrust, 2000). The causative agent for this disease is a bacterial vector of [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/spirochetes.html spirochetes], called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi Borrelia burgdorferi], which were found in the gut of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixodes Ixodes] tick (Burgdorfer, 1982). The bacteria spread through the bite of the tick forming severe skin lesions. Other health complications include chronic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis arthritis], and neurologic and cardiac abnormalities (Burgdorferi, 1982). From 10-12 weeks of infestation, other symptoms like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans erythema chronicum migrans] begin to appear as well(Burgdorferi, 1982). Studies were first conducted through New Zealand white rabbits (Burgdorferi, 1982) through the use of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescence indirect immunofluorescence]. | First recognized in 1957, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease Lyme disease] has been estimated to affect between 20 and 100 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States (Rupprecht, 2008). The peak infection rates of this disease occur approximately between the months of May and August in North America (Onrust, 2000). The causative agent for this disease is a bacterial vector of [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/spirochetes.html spirochetes], called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi Borrelia burgdorferi], which were found in the gut of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixodes Ixodes] tick (Burgdorfer, 1982). The bacteria spread through the bite of the tick forming severe skin lesions. Other health complications include chronic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis arthritis], and neurologic and cardiac abnormalities (Burgdorferi, 1982). From 10-12 weeks of infestation, other symptoms like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans erythema chronicum migrans] begin to appear as well(Burgdorferi, 1982). Studies were first conducted through New Zealand white rabbits (Burgdorferi, 1982) through the use of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescence indirect immunofluorescence]. | ||
These spirochetes however do not enter the host through salivary secretions into the blood stream. The host becomes infected because the tick's blood meal enters the gut where this bacteria is located, and | These spirochetes however do not enter the host through salivary secretions into the blood stream. The host becomes infected because the tick's blood meal enters the gut where this bacteria is located, and therefore some of the blood that returns to the bitten area is infected with this bacteria, resulting in the transmission into the host's blood stream (Onrust, 2000). | ||
[[Image:Picture_of_borellia.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=text|''Borrelia Burgdorferi'']] | [[Image:Picture_of_borellia.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=text|''Borrelia Burgdorferi'']] | ||
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=='''About OspA'''== | =='''About OspA'''== | ||
Borrelia bacteria | Borrelia bacteria differentially immunogenic express outer surface proteins (Wagner, 2012). One outersurface protein, OspA is a lipoprotein that was found to inhibit bacterial transmission <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. OspA known as a potent stimulator of neutrophils was able to kill the pathogen and attract leukocytes. The interaction of OspA on the antigen and the antibodies was a cascade complement system. Once the complement found OspA on borrelia, it induced an innate response of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis phagocytosis] allowing the release of proinflammatory cytokines in a host <ref name=Ruprecht >PMID: 18097481</ref> and avoid contracting Lyme disease as it affects the heart, joints, and central nervous system <ref name=Ruprecht >PMID: 18097481</ref>. | ||