OspA L03 Group2: Difference between revisions

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Chris DiFiore, Yimei Miao, Kareema Roushdy, Michal Harel

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 [[Image:Picture_of_borellia.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=text|''Borrelia Burgdorferi'']]
-=== Outer surface proteins ===
-There are outer surface protein A, B, and C. Specifically, outer surface protein A, or OspA is found to inhibit bacterial transmission <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. Outer surface protein A, or OspA was found to initiate an immune response that contributed towards the development of Lyme disease vaccinations. It prevented the transmission of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi Borrelia_burgdorferi], the causative bacterial agent of Lyme disease after the attachment of an infected tick <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>.
+Specifically, outer surface protein A, or OspA is found to inhibit bacterial transmission <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. Outer surface protein A, or OspA was found to initiate an immune response that contributed towards the development of Lyme disease vaccinations. It prevented the transmission of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi Borrelia_burgdorferi], the causative bacterial agent of Lyme disease after the attachment of an infected tick <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>.
-[[Image:Bulls_eye.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=text|''Erythema migrans, as known as Bulls Eye Wound'']]
 =='''About OspA'''==
-OspA is a lipoprotein found on the outer surface of the bacteria that is found to inhibit bacterial transmission <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>.  In order for Lyme Disease to start and progress in the human or animal body, the initial levels of OspA is underregulated, inactivated, hidden, or OspA negative <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. The bacteria underregulates OspA for the reason that it does not want to trigger any innate immune response from the host <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. Experiments that showed the success of the Borrelia bacteria progressing in the body, were done through mice. Only OspA- positive borrelia admitted to apoptosis in the host; therefore, when the outer surface protein was present the Borrelia bacteria cannot survive <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. Unless the vaccine with OspA is administered, or the bacteria has moved to a different environment of the cerebrospinal fluid or an inflammatory environment, the bacteria will activate and start to regulate OspA <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref> by activating B-cells. Later this induced astrogliosis.
+OspA is a lipoprotein found on the outer surface of the bacteria that is found to inhibit bacterial transmission <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>.  In order for Lyme Disease to start and progress in the human or animal body, the initial levels of OspA is underregulated, inactivated, hidden, or OspA negative <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. The bacteria underregulates OspA for the reason that it does not want to trigger any innate immune response from the host <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>.
 The whole system of OspA on the antigen interacting with the antibodies was a cascade complement system. Once the complement found OspA on borrelia, it induced an innate response of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis phagocytosis]. Not only did OspA allowed opsonization, but also attracted [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell leukocytes] (<ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>.
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 Recent studies however have shown that neurological complications may appear in patients with this vaccination. This occurs because the down regulation of OspA from the vaccine would not be an abundant amount to activate the immune system for defense (Marks, 2011). This may then cause a wide range of adverse events such as headaches and acute neuroborreliosis(Marks, 2011).
-=='''Comparing OspA , OspB , OspC'''==
+==Past Experiments on the Effects of OspA==
+Experiments were done using mice to test the effects of OspA on Borrelia bacteria as Lyme diseases  progressed in the host. Only when OspA expression was positive the borrelia bacteria in the host admitted to apoptosis. When the outer surface protein was not present the Borrelia bacteria survived and the mice later suffered through skin lesions <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. On the other hand, if the vaccine with OspA is administered, or the bacteria has moved to a different environment of the cerebrospinal fluid or an inflammatory environment, the bacteria will activate and start to regulate OspA <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref> by activating B-cells. Later this induced astrogliosis.