OspA L03 Group2: Difference between revisions
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=== Spirochetes and Lyme Disease === | === Spirochetes and Lyme Disease === | ||
First recognized in 1957, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease Lyme disease] has been estimated to | First recognized in 1957, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease Lyme disease] has been estimated to affect between 20 and 100 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States (Rupprecht, 2008). This bacterial vector of [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/spirochetes.html spirochetes], called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi Borrelia burgdorferi], was found on the gut of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixodes Ixodes] tick (Burgdorfer, 1982). The bacteria spread through the bite of the tick forming severe skin lesions. Other health complications include chronic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis arthritis], and neurologic and cardiac abnormalities (Burgdorferi, 1982). From 10-12 weeks of infestation, other symptoms like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans erythema chronicum migrans] begin to appear as well(Burgdorferi, 1982). Studies were first conducted through New Zealand white rabbits (Burgdorferi, 1982) through the use of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescence indirect immunofluorescence]. | ||
[[Image:Picture_of_borellia.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=text|''Borrelia Burgdorferi'']] | [[Image:Picture_of_borellia.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=text|''Borrelia Burgdorferi'']] | ||
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There are outer surface protein A, B, and C. Specifically, outer surface protein A, or OspA is found to inhibit bacterial transmission <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. Outer surface protein A, or OspA was found to initiate an immune response that contributed towards the development of Lyme disease vaccinations. It prevented the transmission of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi Borrelia_burgdorferi], the causative bacterial agent of Lyme disease after the attachment of an infected tick <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. | There are outer surface protein A, B, and C. Specifically, outer surface protein A, or OspA is found to inhibit bacterial transmission <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. Outer surface protein A, or OspA was found to initiate an immune response that contributed towards the development of Lyme disease vaccinations. It prevented the transmission of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi Borrelia_burgdorferi], the causative bacterial agent of Lyme disease after the attachment of an infected tick <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. | ||
[[Image:Bulls_eye.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=text|''Erythema migrans, as known as Bulls Eye Wound'']] | [[Image:Bulls_eye.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=text|''Erythema migrans, as known as Bulls Eye Wound'']] | ||
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The whole system of OspA on the antigen interacting with the antibodies was a cascade complement system. Once the complement found OspA on borrelia, it induced an innate response of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis phagocytosis]. Not only did OspA allowed opsonization, but also attracted [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell leukocytes] (<ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. | The whole system of OspA on the antigen interacting with the antibodies was a cascade complement system. Once the complement found OspA on borrelia, it induced an innate response of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis phagocytosis]. Not only did OspA allowed opsonization, but also attracted [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell leukocytes] (<ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. | ||
==== Pathology of OspA ==== | |||
Once entered the host through the skin or blood stream, Borrelia burgdorferi downregulated and suppressed OspA to minimize all of the host’s immunogenic characteristics <ref name=Ruprecht >PMID: 18097481</ref>. When OspA on the spirochete migrated to an inflammatory environment, it induced apoptosis on the bacteria through the activation of B-cells <ref name=Ruprecht >PMID: 18097481</ref>. Only OspA positive in borrelia bacteria were unable to establish an infection compared to OspA negative bacteria successfully hosted in studies of mice <ref name=Ruprecht >PMID: 18097481</ref>. OspA known as a potent stimulator of neutrophils was able to kill the pathogen and attract leukocytes allowing the release of proinflammatory cytokines in a host <ref name=Ruprecht >PMID: 18097481</ref> and avoid contracting Lyme disease as it affects the heart, joints, and central nervous system <ref name=Ruprecht >PMID: 18097481</ref>. | |||
The reactive LA-2 antibody was found to serve as an important [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitope epitope] of Osp-A binding <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref> towards developing vaccinations. The free state of the 3D model exposed the C-terminal where there were 49 residues from the “three loops” involved that significantly affected by LA-2 binding, through findings from nuclear magnetic resonance, or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance NMR] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_crystallization crystallization] <ref name=Ding >PMID: 11183781</ref>. | |||
=='''Structure'''== | =='''Structure'''== | ||