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==Pre-mRNA Splicing==
==Pre-mRNA Splicing==
Splicing is an essential process in the cell is because immediately following transcription, the pre-mRNA contains both intronic and exonic sequences. The exonic sequences are the protein coding portions of the RNA which contain codons that directly specify which amino acids will be incorporated into a newly synthesized protein. Conversely, the intronic sequences are non-coding portions of the pre-mRNA which need to be removed in order to form an uninterrupted coding sequence known as mature-mRNA.


Pre-mRNA splicing is carried out by one of the most complex pieces of cellular machinery known to date; the Spliceosome. It is a large, catalytic protein-RNA complex responsible for removing the intronic sequences of pre-mRNA and “splicing” together the exonic sequences to form mature mRNA. The spliceosome is made up of approximately 145 distinct spliceosomal proteins, and five small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) <ref name='Comprehensive proteomic analysis of the human spliceosome'>DOI:10.1038/nature01031</ref>. The five snRNAs have been subsequently named U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6. The spliceosome carries out a two-step transesterification reaction through a series of chemical steps in order to remove the intronic sequences from the pre-mRNA, which is facilitated by the movements, rearrangements, and dynamic exchanges of the snRNAs and splicing associated proteins <ref name='Messenger RNA Splicing in Yeast: Clues to Why the Spliceosome is a Ribonucleoprotein'>PMID:1853200</ref>.  
Pre-mRNA splicing is carried out by one of the most complex pieces of cellular machinery known to date; the Spliceosome. It is a large, catalytic protein-RNA complex responsible for removing the intronic sequences of pre-mRNA and “splicing” together the exonic sequences to form mature mRNA. The spliceosome is made up of approximately 145 distinct spliceosomal proteins, and five small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) <ref name='Comprehensive proteomic analysis of the human spliceosome'>DOI:10.1038/nature01031</ref>. The five snRNAs have been subsequently named U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6. The spliceosome carries out a two-step transesterification reaction through a series of chemical steps in order to remove the intronic sequences from the pre-mRNA, which is facilitated by the movements, rearrangements, and dynamic exchanges of the snRNAs and splicing associated proteins <ref name='Messenger RNA Splicing in Yeast: Clues to Why the Spliceosome is a Ribonucleoprotein'>PMID:1853200</ref>.  

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