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Caspase-3/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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==This is a placeholder==
Caspases are cysteine aspartic acid proteases that are crucial for the initiation (e.g. caspase-8, -9, -10) and execution (e.g. caspase-3, -6, -7) of apoptosis (Degterev, Boyce et al. 2003) through cleavage of death substrates, such as the BH3 domain-only protein BID by caspase-8 (Li, Zhu et al. 1998) and inhibitor of caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (ICAD) by caspase-3 (Enari, Sakahira et al. 1998; Sakahira, Enari et al. 1998).  It has become appreciated more recently that caspase activity, specifically caspase-8, is also required for T cell growth (Alam, Cohen et al. 1999; Kennedy, Kataoka et al. 1999; Misra, Jelley-Gibbs et al. 2005), and that the location and level of active caspases within cells may be a key determinant of survival or death (Misra, Russell et al. 2007; Koenig, Russell et al. 2008).  We have previously observed that murine αβ T cells bearing high levels of caspase activity manifest increased rates of both cell growth and cell death (Dohrman, Russell et al. 2005).
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(General Description)
Caspase, as its name implies, is a protease that cleave at substrate aspartic acid residues via cysteine at its active site. Caspases can be broken down into two categories, initiator and executioner. Initiator caspases, such as caspase-8 and caspase-9,
 


==Structure & Function==
==Structure & Function==
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==References & Notes==
==References & Notes==
Alam, A., L. Y. Cohen, et al. (1999). "Early activation of caspases during T lymphocyte stimulation results in selective substrate cleavage in nonapoptotic cells." J Exp Med 190(12): 1879-90.
Aouad, S. M., L. Y. Cohen, et al. (2004). "Caspase-3 is a component of Fas death-inducing signaling complex in lipid rafts and its activity is required for complete caspase-8 activation during Fas-mediated cell death." J Immunol 172(4): 2316-23.
Balbi, B., D. R. Moller, et al. (1990). "Increased numbers of T lymphocytes with gamma delta-positive antigen receptors in a subgroup of individuals with pulmonary sarcoidosis." J Clin Invest 85(5): 1353-61.
Boullier, S., M. Cochet, et al. (1995). "CDR3-independent gamma delta V delta 1+ T cell expansion in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected persons." J Immunol 154(3): 1418-31.
Brennan, F. M., M. Londei, et al. (1988). "T cells expressing gamma delta chain receptors in rheumatoid arthritis." J Autoimmun 1(4): 319-26.
Bucht, A., K. Soderstrom, et al. (1992). "T cell receptor diversity and activation markers in the V delta 1 subset of rheumatoid synovial fluid and peripheral blood T lymphocytes." Eur J Immunol 22(2): 567-74.
Budd, R. C. (2001). "Activation-induced cell death." Curr Opin Immunol 13(3): 356-62.
Burk, M. R., L. Mori, et al. (1995). "Human V gamma 9-V delta 2 cells are stimulated in a cross-reactive fashion by a variety of phosphorylated metabolites." Eur J Immunol 25(7): 2052-8.
Collins, C., C. Shi, et al. (2008). "Activation of gamma delta T cells by Borrelia burgdorferi is indirect via a TLR- and caspase-dependent pathway." J Immunol 181(4): 2392-8.
Collins, C., J. Wolfe, et al. (2005). "Lyme arthritis synovial gammadelta T cells instruct dendritic cells via fas ligand." J Immunol 175(9): 5656-65.
Degterev, A., M. Boyce, et al. (2003). "A decade of caspases." Oncogene 22(53): 8543-67.
Dohrman, A., J. Q. Russell, et al. (2005). "Cellular FLIP long form augments caspase activity and death of T cells through heterodimerization with and activation of caspase-8." J Immunol 175(1): 311-8.
Enari, M., H. Sakahira, et al. (1998). "A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD." Nature 391(6662): 43-50.
Hayes, S. M. and P. E. Love (2002). "Distinct structure and signaling potential of the gamma delta TCR complex." Immunity 16(6): 827-38.
Jacobs, M. R. and B. F. Haynes (1992). "Increase in TCR gamma delta T lymphocytes in synovia from rheumatoid arthritis patients with active synovitis." J Clin Immunol 12(2): 130-8.
Kennedy, N. J., T. Kataoka, et al. (1999). "Caspase activation is required for T cell proliferation." J Exp Med 190(12): 1891-6.
Koenig, A., J. Q. Russell, et al. (2008). "Spatial differences in active caspase-8 defines its role in T-cell activation versus cell death." Cell Death Differ 15(11): 1701-11.
Li, H., H. Zhu, et al. (1998). "Cleavage of BID by caspase 8 mediates the mitochondrial damage in the Fas pathway of apoptosis." Cell 94(4): 491-501.
Misra, R. S., D. M. Jelley-Gibbs, et al. (2005). "Effector CD4+ T cells generate intermediate caspase activity and cleavage of caspase-8 substrates." J Immunol 174(7): 3999-4009.
Misra, R. S., J. Q. Russell, et al. (2007). "Caspase-8 and c-FLIPL associate in lipid rafts with NF-kappaB adaptors during T cell activation." J Biol Chem 282(27): 19365-74.
Poccia, F., S. Boullier, et al. (1996). "Peripheral V gamma 9/V delta 2 T cell deletion and anergy to nonpeptidic mycobacterial antigens in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected persons." J Immunol 157(1): 449-61.
Refaeli, Y., L. Van Parijs, et al. (1998). "Biochemical mechanisms of IL-2-regulated Fas-mediated T cell apoptosis." Immunity 8(5): 615-23.
Roessner, K., E. Fikrig, et al. (1994). "Prominent T lymphocyte response to Borrelia burgdorferi from peripheral blood of unexposed donors." Eur J Immunol 24(2): 320-4.
Rust, C., Y. Kooy, et al. (1992). "Phenotypical and functional characterization of small intestinal TcR gamma delta + T cells in coeliac disease." Scand J Immunol 35(4): 459-68.
Sakahira, H., M. Enari, et al. (1998). "Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis." Nature 391(6662): 96-9.
Salerno, A. and F. Dieli (1998). "Role of gamma delta T lymphocytes in immune response in humans and mice." Crit Rev Immunol 18(4): 327-57.
Shen, Y., S. Li, et al. (1992). "TCR gamma/delta+ cell subsets in the synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis." Scand J Immunol 36(4): 533-40.
Tanaka, Y., C. T. Morita, et al. (1995). "Natural and synthetic non-peptide antigens recognized by human gamma delta T cells." Nature 375(6527): 155-8.
Tough, D. F. and J. Sprent (1998). "Lifespan of gamma/delta T cells." J Exp Med 187(3): 357-65.
Van Parijs, L., Y. Refaeli, et al. (1999). "Uncoupling IL-2 signals that regulate T cell proliferation, survival, and Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death." Immunity 11(3): 281-8.
Vincent, M. S., K. Roessner, et al. (1996). "Apoptosis of Fashigh CD4+ synovial T cells by borrelia-reactive Fas-ligand(high) gamma delta T cells in Lyme arthritis." J Exp Med 184(6): 2109-17.
Wesselborg, S., O. Janssen, et al. (1993). "Induction of activation-driven death (apoptosis) in activated but not resting peripheral blood T cells." J Immunol 150(10): 4338-45.

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Phan Thai, Michal Harel
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