Sandbox Reserved 198: Difference between revisions

The synthesis of proteins allowed scientists to analyze biological molecules through manipulations that could not readily be made with natural proteins. These syntheses, though, were very difficult, required large investments of time, and advances in technique did not occur frequently<ref>Merrifield B. "Solid Phase Synthesis", Nobel Lecture, 8 December, 1984.</ref>. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Emil Fischer performed the first synthesis of a peptide, but it was not until 1953 that the first peptide hormone was synthesized by Du Vigneaud<ref>Merrifield B. "Solid Phase Synthesis", Nobel Lecture, 8 December, 1984.</ref>. The development of solid phase synthesis by Bruce Merrifield was a radical departure from traditional methods of bio-molecular synthesis that greatly increased efficiency. His method made possible the syntheses of much larger and more complex molecules; however, solid phase synthesis was not fully embraced until he demonstrated its full ability with the complete synthetic synthesis of Ribonuclease A. This milestone synthesis and subsequent semisynthetic syntheses of enzymes including RNase A enriched the hypothesis that the amino acid sequence of a protein contains all necessary information to direct the formation of a fully active enzyme and, additionally, that an enzyme demonstrating the catalytic capacity and specificity of a naturally produced enzyme can be made in laboratory<ref>Martin, Philip D., Marilynn S. Doscher, and Brian F. P. Edwards. "The Redefined Crystal Structure of a Fully Active Semisynthetic Ribonuclease at 1.8-A Resolution." The Journal of Biological Chemistry 262.33 (1987): 15930-5938.</ref><ref>Merrifield B. "Solid Phase Synthesis", Nobel Lecture, 8 December, 1984.</ref><ref>David J. Boerema, Valentina. A. T., Stephen B. H. Kent, "Total Synthesis by Modern chemical Ligation Methods and High Resolution (1.1-A) X-ray structure of Ribonuclease A. Biopolymers. 2008;90(3):278-86.</ref>.

The peptide synthesis of non-natural and non-coded proteins allowed scientists to analyze the mechanism and structure-activity relationships of classical enzyme molecules that were not accessible by traditional biomedical methods. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Emil Fischer performed the first synthesis of a peptide, but it was not until 1953 that the first peptide hormone was synthesized by Du Vigneaud. The development of solid phase synthesis by Bruce Merrifield was a radical departure from traditional methods of bio-molecular synthesis that greatly increased efficiency. His method made possible the syntheses of larger and more complex molecules; however, solid phase synthesis was not fully embraced until Boerema demonstrated its full ability with the complete synthesis of Ribonuclease A by chemical ligation, which overcomes the length limitation by joining short mutually reactive unprotected peptide segments prepared by solid phase synthesis (Boerema, 2007). This milestone synthesis and subsequent semisynthetic syntheses of enzymes including RNase A enriched the hypothesis that the amino acid sequence of a protein contains all necessary information to direct the formation of a fully active enzyme and, additionally, that an enzyme demonstrating the catalytic capacity and specificity of a naturally produced enzyme can be made in laboratory<ref>Martin, Philip D., Marilynn S. Doscher, and Brian F. P. Edwards. "The Redefined Crystal Structure of a Fully Active Semisynthetic Ribonuclease at 1.8-A Resolution." The Journal of Biological Chemistry 262.33 (1987): 15930-5938.</ref><ref>Merrifield B. "Solid Phase Synthesis", Nobel Lecture, 8 December, 1984.</ref><ref>David J. Boerema, Valentina. A. T., Stephen B. H. Kent, "Total Synthesis by Modern chemical Ligation Methods and High Resolution (1.1-A) X-ray structure of Ribonuclease A. Biopolymers. 2008;90(3):278-86.</ref>.