Naproxen: Difference between revisions
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Some of naproxen's side effects, are and are not limited too: constipation, diarrhea, sores in mouth, excessive thirst, headache, | Some of naproxen's side effects, are and are not limited too: constipation, diarrhea, sores in mouth, excessive thirst, headache, | ||
dizziness, drowsiness, ringing in the ears, hearing problems. More severe symptoms such as blisters, changes in vision, rash, hives, difficulty breathing, flu-like symptoms, bloody urine, and stomach pain are also known to occur.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000526/</ref> | dizziness, drowsiness, ringing in the ears, hearing problems. More severe symptoms such as blisters, changes in vision, rash, hives, difficulty breathing, flu-like symptoms, bloody urine, and stomach pain are also known to occur.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000526/</ref> | ||
==Background Information== | |||
Naproxen was first released to the prescription drug market in 1976 under the name Naprosyn. In 1980 its counterpart salt, naproxen sodium, was released for prescription only under the name Anaprox. The FDA approved naproxens use for an over-the-counter drug in low doses, advertised as Aleve. | |||
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved its use as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug in 1994, where OTC preparations are mainly marketed by Bayer HealthCare under the trade name Aleve and generic store brand formulations. In Australia, packets of 275 mg tablets of naproxen sodium are Schedule 2 pharmacy medicines, with a maximum daily dose of 5 tablets or 1375 mg. In the UK, 250 mg tablets of naproxen were approved for OTC sale under the brand name Feminax Ultra in 2008, for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea in women aged 15 to 50.[1] Aleve became available over-the-counter in most provinces in Canada on 14 July 2009, with the exception of Quebec. It most recently became available in British Columbia in March 2011. | |||
==Chemical Properties== | ==Chemical Properties== | ||
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==Synthesis== | ==Synthesis== | ||
[[Image:Synthesis.jpg]]<ref> | [[Image:Synthesis.jpg]]<ref name = Harrington>{{cite journal | journal = [[Org. Process Res. Dev.]] | year = 1997 | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–76 | title = Twenty Years of Naproxen Technology | author = Peter J. Harrington and Eric Lodewijk | doi = 10.1021/op960009e}}</ref> | ||
==Administration== | ==Administration== | ||
Prescription naproxen comes in tablet form as an extended-release, delayed-release, or liquid suspension pill that can be taken by mouth. Due to side effects is is commonly advised that it is taken with a full glass of water, taking the tablet with milk or food has also been known to prevent nausea, a common side effect. | Prescription naproxen comes in tablet form as an extended-release, delayed-release, or liquid suspension pill that can be taken by mouth. Due to side effects is is commonly advised that it is taken with a full glass of water, taking the tablet with milk or food has also been known to prevent nausea, a common side effect. | ||
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[[Image:Naproxen.jpg|thumb]] | [[Image:Naproxen.jpg|thumb]] | ||
== | ==Target Protein: Cyclooxygenase== | ||
'''Cyclooxygenase''' abbreviated as '''COX''' | '''Cyclooxygenase''' abbreviated as '''COX''' is an enzyme that is responsible for the production of prostanoids, such as prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane. These eicosanoids, or more simply signaling molecules, are responsible for inflammatory and anaphylactic reactions, vasoconstriction, and the resolution of inflammation respectively. Inhibition of this enzyme can therefore lead to temporary relief of pain and inflammation. | ||
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAID, target and inhibit the COX enzyme to achieve these desired effects. Of the three variants, (COX-1, COX-2, COX-3), Naproxen targets COX-1 and COX-2. | |||
==Naproxen In Vivo== | ==Naproxen In Vivo== | ||