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<StructureSection load='1kf9' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1kf9]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.60&Aring;' scene=''>
<StructureSection load='1kf9' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1kf9]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.60&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1kf9]] is a 6 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1KF9 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1KF9 FirstGlance]. <br>
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1kf9]] is a 6 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1KF9 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1KF9 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1kf9 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1kf9 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1kf9 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1kf9 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1kf9 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1kf9 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.6&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1kf9 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1kf9 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1kf9 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1kf9 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1kf9 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1kf9 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
</table>
== Disease ==
== Disease ==
[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/GHR_HUMAN GHR_HUMAN]] Defects in GHR are a cause of Laron syndrome (LARS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/262500 262500]]. A severe form of growth hormone insensitivity characterized by growth impairment, short stature, dysfunctional growth hormone receptor, and failure to generate insulin-like growth factor I in response to growth hormone.<ref>PMID:2779634</ref> <ref>PMID:8421103</ref> <ref>PMID:8504296</ref> <ref>PMID:8450064</ref> <ref>PMID:8137822</ref> <ref>PMID:9024232</ref> <ref>PMID:9661642</ref> <ref>PMID:9851797</ref> <ref>PMID:10870033</ref> <ref>PMID:14678285</ref>  Defects in GHR may be a cause of idiopathic short stature autosomal (ISSA) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/604271 604271]]. Short stature is defined by a subnormal rate of growth.<ref>PMID:7565946</ref> 
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/SOMA_HUMAN SOMA_HUMAN] Defects in GH1 are a cause of growth hormone deficiency isolated type 1A (IGHD1A) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/262400 262400]; also known as pituitary dwarfism I. IGHD1A is an autosomal recessive deficiency of GH which causes short stature. IGHD1A patients have an absence of GH with severe dwarfism and often develop anti-GH antibodies when given exogenous GH.<ref>PMID:8364549</ref>   Defects in GH1 are a cause of growth hormone deficiency isolated type 1B (IGHD1B) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/612781 612781]; also known as dwarfism of Sindh. IGHD1B is an autosomal recessive deficiency of GH which causes short stature. IGHD1B patients have low but detectable levels of GH. Dwarfism is less severe than in IGHD1A and patients usually respond well to exogenous GH.  Defects in GH1 are the cause of Kowarski syndrome (KWKS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/262650 262650]; also known as pituitary dwarfism VI.<ref>PMID:8552145</ref> <ref>PMID:9276733</ref> <ref>PMID:17519310</ref>  Defects in GH1 are a cause of growth hormone deficiency isolated type 2 (IGHD2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/173100 173100]. IGHD2 is an autosomal dominant deficiency of GH which causes short stature. Clinical severity is variable. Patients have a positive response and immunologic tolerance to growth hormone therapy.
== Function ==
== Function ==
[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/GHR_HUMAN GHR_HUMAN]] Receptor for pituitary gland growth hormone involved in regulating postnatal body growth. On ligand binding, couples to the JAK2/STAT5 pathway (By similarity). The soluble form (GHBP) acts as a reservoir of growth hormone in plasma and may be a modulator/inhibitor of GH signaling. Isoform 2 up-regulates the production of GHBP and acts as a negative inhibitor of GH signaling.  
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/SOMA_HUMAN SOMA_HUMAN] Plays an important role in growth control. Its major role in stimulating body growth is to stimulate the liver and other tissues to secrete IGF-1. It stimulates both the differentiation and proliferation of myoblasts. It also stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in muscle and other tissues.
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
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</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=1kf9 ConSurf].
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=1kf9 ConSurf].
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The structure of the ternary complex between the phage display- optimized, high-affinity Site 1 variant of human growth hormone (hGH) and two copies of the extracellular domain (ECD) of the hGH receptor (hGHR) has been determined at 2.6 A resolution. There are widespread and significant structural differences compared to the wild-type ternary hGH hGHR complex. The hGH variant (hGH(v)) contains 15 Site 1 mutations and binds&gt;10(2) tighter to the hGHR ECD (hGH(R1)) at Site 1. It is biologically active and specific to hGHR. The hGH(v) Site 1 interface is somewhat smaller and 20% more hydrophobic compared to the wild-type (wt) counterpart. Of the ten hormone-receptor H-bonds in the site, only one is the same as in the wt complex. Additionally, several regions of hGH(v) structure move up to 9A in forming the interface. The contacts between the C-terminal domains of two receptor ECDs (hGH(R1)- hGH(R2)) are conserved; however, the large changes in Site 1 appear to cause global changes in the domains of hGH(R1) that affect the hGH(v)-hGH(R2) interface indirectly. This coupling is manifested by large changes in the conformation of groups participating in the Site 2 interaction and results in a structure for the site that is reorganized extensively. The hGH(v)- hGH(R2) interface contains seven H-bonds, only one of which is found in the wt complex. Several groups on hGH(v) and hGH(R2) undergo conformational changes of up to 8 A. Asp116 of hGH(v) plays a central role in the reorganization of Site 2 by forming two new H-bonds to the side-chains of Trp104(R2) and Trp169(R2), which are the key binding determinants of the receptor. The fact that a different binding solution is possible for Site 2, where there were no mutations or binding selection pressures, indicates that the structural elements found in these molecules possess an inherent functional plasticity that enables them to bind to a wide variety of binding surfaces.
Structure of a phage display-derived variant of human growth hormone complexed to two copies of the extracellular domain of its receptor: evidence for strong structural coupling between receptor binding sites.,Schiffer C, Ultsch M, Walsh S, Somers W, de Vos AM, Kossiakoff A J Mol Biol. 2002 Feb 15;316(2):277-89. PMID:11851338<ref>PMID:11851338</ref>
From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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==See Also==
==See Also==
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__TOC__
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Human]]
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Kossiakoff, A A]]
[[Category: De Vos AM]]
[[Category: Schiffer, C A]]
[[Category: Kossiakoff AA]]
[[Category: Somers, W]]
[[Category: Schiffer CA]]
[[Category: Ultsch, M]]
[[Category: Somers W]]
[[Category: Vos, A M.De]]
[[Category: Ultsch M]]
[[Category: Walsh, S]]
[[Category: Walsh S]]
[[Category: Cytokine]]
[[Category: Hormone-growth factor complex]]
[[Category: Hormone-receptor complex]]
[[Category: Human growth hormone]]
[[Category: Phage display molecular plasticity]]
[[Category: Receptor homodimerization]]

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