Cytochrome C -Adis: Difference between revisions

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Adis Hasic, Michal Harel

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 == Function ==
+Cytochrome C function is dependent on the conformation of the structure it is portraying
+at the time which is primarily determined by the location of the cytochrome c protein within the
+cell. Monoheme cytochrome C, which is primarily found in the mitochondria of the cell,
+functions in eukaryotes and prokaryotes during the electron transport chain. They are an electron
+transfer protein during the bc1 complex of the electron transport chain. (See below for more
+detailed information) Involving identical structure to the cytochrome C protein in mitochondria,
+one conformation of cytochrome C is also a member of the electron transport chain in
+photosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria. (PDB101: Molecule of the Month: Cytochrome c.)
+You can also find it in a Heme C form which is a membrane bound protein that converts O2 into
+two water molecules using the electrons. Cytochrome C is also a main signaling factor for
+apoptosis of cells. In the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, Cytochrome C plays a key role in the
+initiation of cell death. Without Cytochrome C, the cell could not release the protein into the
+cytosol which at high volumes leads to intrinsic apoptosis. (see below for more detailed
+information on this function)
-== Disease ==
+== Role in Apoptosis ==
+Apoptosis is one form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. There are
+multiple tags that are on a cell that signal for it to go to the apoptotic pathway. Once tagged, cells
+go through a biochemical pathway that changes the cells morphology and leads to the “suicide”
+or self death of the cell. A cell can go through either an extrinsic or an intrinsic pathway in order
+to perform apoptosis. During the extrinsic pathway, an immune response is initiated by killer
+lymphocytes which cause an apoptotic cascade. (Apoptosis: a Review of Programmed Cell
+Death) Cytochrome C takes play in the intrinsic pathway. This is when a stimulus causes
+Cytochrome C to be released into the Cytosol. Once cytochrome C is in the cytosol, it is recognized and bound to apoptotic factors which are then activated forming the apoptosome complex. Then caspases join in and are activated which result in a caspase cascade forcing
+apoptosis. (Cytochrome c: Functions beyond Respiration.) Also over time while a cell is getting
+old, it has degradation of its membranes. This degradation also leads to the release of
+Cytochrome C which would signal that the cell is old and ready to be killed off. Without
+Cytochrome C, intrinsic apoptosis would not be possible because the apoptotic factors would
+never be activated. Same as if there are mutations in cytochrome C causing it to be unable to
+permeate through the membrane, or if there is a mutation that increases the permeability of it
+through the membrane, the apoptotic pathway would be accelerated or inhibited. (Cytochrome C
+Proteopedia)
 == Relevance ==