Carbidopa: Difference between revisions

Carbidopa only has interactions with Levodopa (L-DOPA) and dopamine, but there are more interactions between Levodopa and dopamine. Dopamine is essential when it comes to motor, cognitive, behavioral, endocrine functions, and even neuronal retinal development in the central nervous system.<ref name="seven">PMID:18828673</ref><ref name="eight">PMID:22131937</ref> Therefore,understanding the interactions between how Levodopa and dopamine affect the body can help understand why it pairs well with Carbidopa. Carbidopa works by inhibiting the enzyme activity of DDC, when both are working in the body it blocks the Levodopa negative side effects so the lipid soluble drug pair can now pass the blood-brain barrier where Carbidopa cannot. Carbidopa only interaction is to reduce side effects of Levodopa because once Levodopa crosses the blood brain barrier it can help increase levels of dopamine to improve motor, cognitive, behavioral, endocrine functions, etc. Another likely interaction between dopamine and Carbidopa is the human peripheral blood lymphocytes. These blood lymphocytes supposedly synthesize dopamine through the tyrosine-hydroxylase/DOPA-decarboxylase pathway, and express dopamine receptors and dopamine transport on their plasma membrane.<ref name="eight">PMID:22131937</ref> Reports show changes in expression of this dopamine receptors and dopamine transport system in the peripheral blood lymphocytes, but since the Carbidopa can’t pass the blood brain barrier it needs to be paired to a lipid soluble chemical (Levodopa) until a different method is found.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurological disease whose symptoms include bradykinesia, tremors, postural instability and rigidity. Although the exact cause of the disease is currently unknown, it is believed to be caused by the apoptosis of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra of the brain and subsequent loss of dopamine.<ref name="nine">PMID:10746727</ref> Carbidopa is mostly related to people with Parkinson’s disease. According to the National Parkinson Foundation, Levodopa alone is known to cause nausea and vomiting in Parkinson’s patients, and Carbidopa prevents those side effects.<ref name="ten">http://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/treatment/Medications-for-Motor-Symptoms/Carbidopa-levodopa</ref> Carbidopa can act as an enhancer for Levodopa by decreasing the dosage of Levodopa needed for Parkinson’s patients, up to 80%. It’s a inhibitor that is limited to extracerebral tissue, therefore Carbidopa with Levodopa leaves more Levodopa available for transport to the brain.<ref name="eleven">PMID:10939456</ref> Modern treatments like this are used for Parkinson’s disease today. A combined tablet of Carbidopa and Levodopa (Sinemet)are offered as immediate-release tablets and slow-release tablets, along with dissolvable tablets.<ref name="twelve">http://www.merck.com/product/home.html</ref>