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===מבנה ראשוני של חלבון=== | ===מבנה ראשוני של חלבון=== | ||
{{Main|Protein primary structure|Nucleic acid primary structure}} | |||
In [[biochemistry]], the '''primary structure''' of a biological molecule is the exact specification of its atomic composition and the chemical bonds connecting those atoms (including [[stereochemistry]]). For a typical unbranched, un-crosslinked [[biopolymer]] (such as a [[molecule]] of [[DNA]], [[RNA]], or typical intracellular [[protein]]), the primary structure is equivalent to specifying the sequence of its [[monomer]]ic subunits, e.g., the [[nucleotide sequence|nucleotide]] or [[peptide sequence]]. | |||
Primary structure is sometimes mistakenly termed ''primary sequence'', but there is no such term, as well as no parallel concept of secondary or tertiary sequence. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end, while the primary structure of DNA or RNA molecule is reported from the 5' end to the 3' end. | |||
The primary structure of a nucleic acid molecule refers to the exact sequence of nucleotides that comprise the whole molecule. Frequently, the primary structure encodes [[Sequence motif|motifs]] that are of functional importance. Some examples of sequence motifs are: the C/D<!-- | |||
--><ref>{{cite journal | last = Samarsky | first = DA |author2=Fournier MJ|author3=Singer RH|author4=Bertrand E | year = 1998 | title = The snoRNA box C/D motif directs nucleolar targeting and also couples snoRNA synthesis and localization | journal = EMBO | volume = 17 | pages = 3747–3757 | pmid = 9649444 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/17.13.3747 | issue = 13 | pmc = 1170710 }}</ref> | |||
and H/ACA boxes<!-- | |||
--><ref>{{cite doi|10.1101/gad.11.7.941}}</ref> | |||
of [[snoRNA]]s, [[LSm|Sm binding site]] found in spliceosomal RNAs such as [[U1 spliceosomal RNA|U1]], [[U2 spliceosomal RNA|U2]], [[U4 spliceosomal RNA|U4]], [[U5 spliceosomal RNA|U5]], [[U6 spliceosomal RNA|U6]], [[U12 minor spliceosomal RNA|U12]] and [[Small nucleolar RNA U3|U3]], the [[Shine-Dalgarno sequence]],<!-- | |||
--><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shine J, Dalgarno L |title=Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosomes |journal=Nature |volume=254 |issue=5495 |pages=34–8 |year=1975 |pmid=803646 |doi=10.1038/254034a0|bibcode = 1975Natur.254...34S }}</ref> | |||
the [[Kozak consensus sequence]]<!-- | |||
--><ref name="Kozak1987">{{cite journal |author=Kozak M |title=An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=15 |issue=20 |pages=8125–8148 |date=October 1987 |pmid=3313277 |pmc=306349 |doi= 10.1093/nar/15.20.8125|url=http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3313277}}</ref> | |||
and the [[RNA polymerase III|RNA polymerase III terminator]]<!-- | |||
-->.<ref name="pmid6263489">{{cite journal |author=Bogenhagen DF, Brown DD |title=Nucleotide sequences in Xenopus 5S DNA required for transcription termination |journal=Cell |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=261–70 |year=1981 |pmid=6263489 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(81)90522-5}}</ref> | |||
===מבנה שניוני של חלבון=== | ===מבנה שניוני של חלבון=== | ||
Revision as of 11:29, 11 June 2015
קורס חלבונים מבנה וקישור תכנית רוטשילד ויצמן
מרצה:שירלי דאובה
מבנה הקורסמבנה הקורס
מבנה ראשוני של חלבוןמבנה ראשוני של חלבון
In biochemistry, the primary structure of a biological molecule is the exact specification of its atomic composition and the chemical bonds connecting those atoms (including stereochemistry). For a typical unbranched, un-crosslinked biopolymer (such as a molecule of DNA, RNA, or typical intracellular protein), the primary structure is equivalent to specifying the sequence of its monomeric subunits, e.g., the nucleotide or peptide sequence.
Primary structure is sometimes mistakenly termed primary sequence, but there is no such term, as well as no parallel concept of secondary or tertiary sequence. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end, while the primary structure of DNA or RNA molecule is reported from the 5' end to the 3' end.
The primary structure of a nucleic acid molecule refers to the exact sequence of nucleotides that comprise the whole molecule. Frequently, the primary structure encodes motifs that are of functional importance. Some examples of sequence motifs are: the C/D[1] and H/ACA boxes[2] of snoRNAs, Sm binding site found in spliceosomal RNAs such as U1, U2, U4, U5, U6, U12 and U3, the Shine-Dalgarno sequence,[3] the Kozak consensus sequence[4] and the RNA polymerase III terminator.[5]
מבנה שניוני של חלבוןמבנה שניוני של חלבון
מבנה שלישוני של חלבוןמבנה שלישוני של חלבון
חלק 1חלק 1
חלק 2חלק 2
חלק3חלק3
מבנה רביעונימבנה רביעוני
קואופרטיביות ואלוסטריה והסיפור של המוגלוביןקואופרטיביות ואלוסטריה והסיפור של המוגלובין
קביעת מבנה - שיטות לאנליזה של חלבוניםקביעת מבנה - שיטות לאנליזה של חלבונים
סיפור האינסוליןסיפור האינסולין
Insulin is a hormone that controls carbohydrate metabolism and storage in the human body. The body is able to sense the concentration of glucose in the blood and respond by secreting insulin, which is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. Synthesis of human insulin in E. coli is important to producing insulin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Proinsulin (Pins) is processed by several proteases in the Golgi apparatus to form insulin which is shorter by 35 amino acids. DPI is a monomeric despentapeptide (B26-B30) Ins analogue. DTRI is a monomeric destripeptide (B28-B30) Ins analogue. DHPI is for desheptapeptide (B24-B30) Ins. LIns is a egume Ins. Insulin is made up of two pieces called the A- and B-chain, shown above in blue and green respectively. These two chains are joined by disulfide bonds, which are shown in yellow. This single piece made up of the A- and B-chains is the active form of the insulin hormone. This is the form that binds the insulin receptor on fat or muscle cells in the body, singling them to take up glucose, or sugar, from the blood and save it for later. Insulin is able to pair-up with itself and form a dimer by forming hydrogen bonds between the ends of two B-chains. These are shown above in white. Then, 3 dimers can come together in the presence of zinc ions and form a hexamer. Insulin is stored in the in the body. This the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. It is believed that the hydrophobic sections on the B-chain cause insulin aggregation which initially caused problems in the manufacture and storage of insulin for pharmaceutical use. |
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For additional details see Insulin Structure & Function.
3D structures of Insulin (Updated on 11-June-2015)3D structures of Insulin (Updated on 11-June-2015)
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