Tachyplesin: Difference between revisions
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Also, there exists close proximity between residues <scene name='67/671725/Cdtnoe/1'>Trp2 and Ile9</scene> which is supported by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Overhauser_effect nuclear overhauser effects (NOEs)] involving [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole indole] ring protons of Trp2 with side-chain proton of Ile9. These packing interactions have rendered an approximate anti-parallel orientation of the hairpin structure of CDT in presence of LPS. | Also, there exists close proximity between residues <scene name='67/671725/Cdtnoe/1'>Trp2 and Ile9</scene> which is supported by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Overhauser_effect nuclear overhauser effects (NOEs)] involving [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole indole] ring protons of Trp2 with side-chain proton of Ile9. These packing interactions have rendered an approximate anti-parallel orientation of the hairpin structure of CDT in presence of LPS. | ||
The β-hairpin structure displays an extended <font color='darkblue'>positively charged</font> surface patch of <scene name='67/671725/Cdtr4r7r12r13/1'>residues Arg 4, 7, 12 and 13</scene>. These positively charged basic residues interacts with the anionic phosphate groups of LPS, that leads to a plausible disruption or fluidization of LPS structures. This facilitates traversal of the peptide through the LPS-outer membrane<ref name=Saravanan>PMID:22464970</ref>. | The β-hairpin structure displays an extended <font color='darkblue'>positively charged</font> surface patch of <scene name='67/671725/Cdtr4r7r12r13/1'>residues Arg 4, 7, 12 and 13</scene>. These positively charged basic residues interacts with the anionic phosphate groups of LPS, that leads to a plausible disruption or fluidization of LPS structures. This facilitates traversal of the peptide through the LPS-outer membrane<ref name=Saravanan>PMID:22464970</ref>. | ||
== Mode of action == | == Mode of action == | ||
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== Importance and relevance == | == Importance and relevance == | ||
<b><u> Plants and Agriculture </u></b> | |||
Evidences suggest that TP-I has ability to permeabilize the cell membranes of pathogens.<ref name=Laederach>PMID:12369825</ref>. Also, LPS and DNA being the potential biological targets of the peptide, its antimicrobial activity might be exploited. Eyeing the potential of TP-I, it has been insetred successfully in genome of ''Ornithogalum dubium'' and ''Ornithogalum thyrsoides''. These ornamentals plants were originally sensitive to soft rot erwinias (SREs) and insertion of TP-I in the plants has successfully protected them without affecting their normal physiology <ref name=Lipsky>PMID:25438795</ref>. | Evidences suggest that TP-I has ability to permeabilize the cell membranes of pathogens.<ref name=Laederach>PMID:12369825</ref>. Also, LPS and DNA being the potential biological targets of the peptide, its antimicrobial activity might be exploited. Eyeing the potential of TP-I, it has been insetred successfully in genome of ''Ornithogalum dubium'' and ''Ornithogalum thyrsoides''. These ornamentals plants were originally sensitive to soft rot erwinias (SREs) and insertion of TP-I in the plants has successfully protected them without affecting their normal physiology <ref name=Lipsky>PMID:25438795</ref>. | ||
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli <i>Escherichia coli</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>] | <b><u> Clinical Importance </u></b> | ||
Unlike mammalian cell membrane, bacterial cell membrane are negatively charged. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli <i>Escherichia coli</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>] being most common pathogenic bacteria in animals and humans, studying the effect of TP-I on <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> will be valuable in guiding clinical practice. The study in <i>E. coli</i> has shown membrane disruption upon treatment with TP-I. Also macromolecule leakage into the cytoplasm and the release of potassium ions was observed that ultimately neutralized LPS. TP-I killed <i>E. coli</i> mainly through cell membrane damage and intracellular esterase inactivation dependent on concentration. | |||
The | |||
In food production, requirements must be met for producing high quality food with minimal microbial contamination, and the determination of microbial viability based on different physiological and metabolic parameters is critical for acceptable sterilization. Therefore, the presence of injured, metabolically active bacteria is a very important aspect to consider in food production and for clinical applications. Sub lethally injured cells might be repaired under suitable conditions. If TP-I is applied as a clinical treatment at a lower concentration than the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration MIC] over a long period of time, drug resistance could develop.<ref name=Hong>Hong, Jun, et al. "Mechanism of tachyplesin I injury to bacterial membrane and intracellular enzymes, determined by laser confocal scanning microscopy and flow cytometry." Microbiological research (2014).</ref> | In food production, requirements must be met for producing high quality food with minimal microbial contamination, and the determination of microbial viability based on different physiological and metabolic parameters is critical for acceptable sterilization. Therefore, the presence of injured, metabolically active bacteria is a very important aspect to consider in food production and for clinical applications. Sub lethally injured cells might be repaired under suitable conditions. If TP-I is applied as a clinical treatment at a lower concentration than the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration MIC] over a long period of time, drug resistance could develop.<ref name=Hong>Hong, Jun, et al. "Mechanism of tachyplesin I injury to bacterial membrane and intracellular enzymes, determined by laser confocal scanning microscopy and flow cytometry." Microbiological research (2014).</ref> | ||