User:Alice Harmon/Sandbox 5: Difference between revisions

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==ABA signaling pathway==

Abscisic acid (ABA,)[[Image:Abscisic acid.svg.png|thumb| Abscisic Acid]] is a plant hormone that regulates seed dormancy and germination, stomatal closure, and responses to drought stress. As shown in the left figure, ABA binds to an ABA receptor (R)<ref>PMID:19893533</ref><ref>PMID:19407143</ref><ref>PMID:19407142</ref>. The activated receptor (R.ABA) binds to a protein phosphatase 2C (R.ABA-P), which was formerly in a complex with a SnRK2 protein kinase. The protein kinase is now free to be activated by autophosphorylation or phosphorylation by another protein kinase. Activation of SnRK2.6/OST1/SRK2E leads to phosphorylation of: 1) ion channels SLAC1<ref>PMID: 19955405</ref> and KAT1<ref>PMID: 19785574</ref> in guard cells and stomatal closure; 2) transcription factor ABI5<ref name = "Nakashima2009">PMID:19541597</ref> in seeds/seedlings and dormancy/growth arrest; or 3) phosphorylation of transcription factor AREB/ABF <ref>PMID: 16446457</ref><ref name = "Fujii2007">PMID:17307925</ref> in vegetative tissue and stress tolerance and growth regulation.

Abscisic acid (ABA,)[[Image:Abscisic acid.svg.png|thumb| Abscisic Acid]] is a plant hormone that regulates seed dormancy and germination, stomatal closure, and responses to drought stress.<ref>PMID:15012233</ref><ref>PMID:12045268</ref> As shown in the left figure, ABA binds to an ABA receptor (R)<ref>PMID:19893533</ref><ref>PMID:19407143</ref><ref>PMID:19407142</ref>. The activated receptor (R.ABA) binds to a protein phosphatase 2C (R.ABA-P), which was formerly in a complex with a SnRK2 protein kinase. The protein kinase is now free to be activated by autophosphorylation or phosphorylation by another protein kinase. Activation of SnRK2.6/OST1/SRK2E leads to phosphorylation of: 1) ion channels SLAC1<ref>PMID: 19955405</ref> and KAT1<ref>PMID: 19785574</ref> in guard cells and stomatal closure; 2) transcription factor ABI5<ref name = "Nakashima2009">PMID:19541597</ref> in seeds/seedlings and dormancy/growth arrest; or 3) phosphorylation of transcription factor AREB/ABF <ref>PMID: 16446457</ref><ref name = "Fujii2007">PMID:17307925</ref> in vegetative tissue and stress tolerance and growth regulation.

The ABA receptor family includes PYR1, PYR2, PYL1, PYL2, and RCAR. The ABA-responsive protein phosphatase 2Cs are in Clade C and they include ABI1, ABI2, and HAB1. The ABA-activated protein kinases are in subclass III of SnRK2s and they include [[SnRK2.6/OST1/SRK2E]], and SNRK2.2/SRK2D and SnRK2.3/SRK2I

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 ==ABA signaling pathway==
-Abscisic acid (ABA,)[[Image:Abscisic acid.svg.png|thumb| Abscisic Acid]] is a plant hormone that regulates seed dormancy and germination, stomatal closure, and responses to drought stress. As shown in the left figure, ABA binds to an ABA receptor (R)<ref>PMID:19893533</ref><ref>PMID:19407143</ref><ref>PMID:19407142</ref>. The activated receptor (R<sup>.</sup>ABA) binds to a protein phosphatase 2C (R<sup>.</sup>ABA-P), which was formerly in a complex with a SnRK2 protein kinase. The protein kinase is now free to be activated by autophosphorylation or phosphorylation by another protein kinase. Activation of SnRK2.6/OST1/SRK2E leads to phosphorylation of: 1) ion channels SLAC1<ref>PMID: 19955405</ref> and KAT1<ref>PMID: 19785574</ref> in guard cells and stomatal closure; 2)  transcription factor ABI5<ref name = "Nakashima2009">PMID:19541597</ref> in seeds/seedlings and dormancy/growth arrest; or 3) phosphorylation of transcription factor AREB/ABF <ref>PMID: 16446457</ref><ref name = "Fujii2007">PMID:17307925</ref> in vegetative tissue and stress tolerance and growth regulation.
+Abscisic acid (ABA,)[[Image:Abscisic acid.svg.png|thumb| Abscisic Acid]] is a plant hormone that regulates seed dormancy and germination, stomatal closure, and responses to drought stress.<ref>PMID:15012233</ref><ref>PMID:12045268</ref> As shown in the left figure, ABA binds to an ABA receptor (R)<ref>PMID:19893533</ref><ref>PMID:19407143</ref><ref>PMID:19407142</ref>. The activated receptor (R<sup>.</sup>ABA) binds to a protein phosphatase 2C (R<sup>.</sup>ABA-P), which was formerly in a complex with a SnRK2 protein kinase. The protein kinase is now free to be activated by autophosphorylation or phosphorylation by another protein kinase. Activation of SnRK2.6/OST1/SRK2E leads to phosphorylation of: 1) ion channels SLAC1<ref>PMID: 19955405</ref> and KAT1<ref>PMID: 19785574</ref> in guard cells and stomatal closure; 2)  transcription factor ABI5<ref name = "Nakashima2009">PMID:19541597</ref> in seeds/seedlings and dormancy/growth arrest; or 3) phosphorylation of transcription factor AREB/ABF <ref>PMID: 16446457</ref><ref name = "Fujii2007">PMID:17307925</ref> in vegetative tissue and stress tolerance and growth regulation.
 The ABA receptor family includes PYR1, PYR2, PYL1, PYL2, and RCAR. The ABA-responsive protein phosphatase 2Cs are in Clade C and they include ABI1, ABI2, and HAB1. The ABA-activated protein kinases are in subclass III of SnRK2s and they include [[SnRK2.6/OST1/SRK2E]], and SNRK2.2/SRK2D and SnRK2.3/SRK2I