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[[Image:2bu8.gif|left|200px]]
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{{STRUCTURE_2bu8|  PDB=2bu8  |  SCENE=  }}
'''CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF HUMAN PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE KINASE 2 CONTAINING PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC LIGANDS'''


==crystal structures of human pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 containing physiological and synthetic ligands==
<StructureSection load='2bu8' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2bu8]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.50&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2bu8]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2BU8 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2BU8 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.5&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ADP:ADENOSINE-5-DIPHOSPHATE'>ADP</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=TF4:DICHLORO-ACETIC+ACID'>TF4</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2bu8 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2bu8 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2bu8 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2bu8 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2bu8 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2bu8 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PDK2_HUMAN PDK2_HUMAN] Serine/threonine kinase that plays a key role in the regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism and homeostasis via phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits PDHA1 and PDHA2. This inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and thereby regulates metabolite flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, down-regulates aerobic respiration and inhibits the formation of acetyl-coenzyme A from pyruvate. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase decreases glucose utilization and increases fat metabolism. Mediates cellular responses to insulin. Plays an important role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels and in metabolic adaptation to nutrient availability. Via its regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, plays an important role in maintaining normal blood pH and in preventing the accumulation of ketone bodies under starvation. Plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation and in resistance to apoptosis under oxidative stress. Plays a role in p53/TP53-mediated apoptosis.<ref>PMID:7499431</ref> <ref>PMID:9787110</ref> <ref>PMID:17222789</ref> <ref>PMID:19833728</ref> <ref>PMID:21283817</ref> <ref>PMID:22123926</ref>
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
  <jmolCheckbox>
    <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/bu/2bu8_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
    <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
    <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
  </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=2bu8 ConSurf].
<div style="clear:both"></div>
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) regulates the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. PDHK inhibition provides a route for therapeutic intervention in diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. We report crystal structures of human PDHK isozyme 2 complexed with physiological and synthetic ligands. Several of the PDHK2 structures disclosed have C-terminal cross arms that span a large trough region between the N-terminal regulatory (R) domains of the PDHK2 dimers. The structures containing bound ATP and ADP demonstrate variation in the conformation of the active site lid, residues 316-321, which enclose the nucleotide beta and gamma phosphates at the active site in the C-terminal catalytic domain. We have identified three novel ligand binding sites located in the R domain of PDHK2. Dichloroacetate (DCA) binds at the pyruvate binding site in the center of the R domain, which together with ADP, induces significant changes at the active site. Nov3r and AZ12 inhibitors bind at the lipoamide binding site that is located at one end of the R domain. Pfz3 (an allosteric inhibitor) binds in an extended site at the other end of the R domain. We conclude that the N-terminal domain of PDHK has a key regulatory function and propose that the different inhibitor classes act by discrete mechanisms. The structures we describe provide insights that can be used for structure-based design of PDHK inhibitors.


==Overview==
Regulatory roles of the N-terminal domain based on crystal structures of human pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 containing physiological and synthetic ligands.,Knoechel TR, Tucker AD, Robinson CM, Phillips C, Taylor W, Bungay PJ, Kasten SA, Roche TE, Brown DG Biochemistry. 2006 Jan 17;45(2):402-15. PMID:16401071<ref>PMID:16401071</ref>
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) regulates the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. PDHK inhibition provides a route for therapeutic intervention in diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. We report crystal structures of human PDHK isozyme 2 complexed with physiological and synthetic ligands. Several of the PDHK2 structures disclosed have C-terminal cross arms that span a large trough region between the N-terminal regulatory (R) domains of the PDHK2 dimers. The structures containing bound ATP and ADP demonstrate variation in the conformation of the active site lid, residues 316-321, which enclose the nucleotide beta and gamma phosphates at the active site in the C-terminal catalytic domain. We have identified three novel ligand binding sites located in the R domain of PDHK2. Dichloroacetate (DCA) binds at the pyruvate binding site in the center of the R domain, which together with ADP, induces significant changes at the active site. Nov3r and AZ12 inhibitors bind at the lipoamide binding site that is located at one end of the R domain. Pfz3 (an allosteric inhibitor) binds in an extended site at the other end of the R domain. We conclude that the N-terminal domain of PDHK has a key regulatory function and propose that the different inhibitor classes act by discrete mechanisms. The structures we describe provide insights that can be used for structure-based design of PDHK inhibitors.


==About this Structure==
From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
2BU8 is a [[Single protein]] structure of sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2BU8 OCA].
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 2bu8" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>


==Reference==
==See Also==
Regulatory roles of the N-terminal domain based on crystal structures of human pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 containing physiological and synthetic ligands., Knoechel TR, Tucker AD, Robinson CM, Phillips C, Taylor W, Bungay PJ, Kasten SA, Roche TE, Brown DG, Biochemistry. 2006 Jan 17;45(2):402-15. PMID:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16401071 16401071]
*[[Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase|Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Single protein]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Brown, D G.]]
[[Category: Brown DG]]
[[Category: Bungay, P J.]]
[[Category: Bungay PJ]]
[[Category: Kasten, S A.]]
[[Category: Kasten SA]]
[[Category: Knoechel, T R.]]
[[Category: Knoechel TR]]
[[Category: Phillips, C.]]
[[Category: Phillips C]]
[[Category: Robinson, C M.]]
[[Category: Robinson CM]]
[[Category: Roche, T E.]]
[[Category: Roche TE]]
[[Category: Taylor, W.]]
[[Category: Taylor W]]
[[Category: Tucker, A D.]]
[[Category: Tucker AD]]
[[Category: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 ghkl motif regulation]]
[[Category: Transferase]]
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