Metformin: Difference between revisions
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<StructureSection load='' size='340' side='right' caption=' | <StructureSection load='' size='340' side='right' caption='Metformin' scene='97/975914/Cv/2'> | ||
Metformin, sold under the brand name Glucophage, among others, is the main first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in people who are overweight. It is also used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. See also [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin]. | Metformin, sold under the brand name Glucophage, among others, is the main first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in people who are overweight. It is also used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. See also [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin Metformin]. | ||
The molecular mechanism of metformin is not completely understood. Multiple potential mechanisms of action have been proposed: inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain ([[complex I]]), activation of [[AMP-activated protein kinase]] (AMPK), inhibition of glucagon-induced elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) with reduced activation of [[protein kinase A]] (PKA), [[complex IV]]–mediated inhibition of the GPD2 variant of mitochondrial [[glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase]] (thereby reducing glycerol-derived hepatic [[gluconeogenesis]]), and an effect on gut microbiota.<ref name="a23">PMID:35238637</ref><ref name="a99">PMID:23835523</ref><ref name="a100">PMID:23840042</ref><ref name="a101">PMID:24847880</ref> | |||
Metformin exerts an anorexiant effect in most people, decreasing caloric intake.<ref name="a22">PMID:28101792</ref> Metformin inhibits basal secretion from the pituitary gland of [[Human growth hormone|growth hormone]], adrenocorticotropic hormone, [[follicle stimulating hormone]], and expression of proopiomelanocortin,<ref name="a102">PMID:30205369</ref> which in part accounts for its insulin-sensitizing effect with multiple actions on tissues including the liver, skeletal muscle, endothelium, adipose tissue, and the ovaries.<ref name="a53">PMID:20840272</ref><ref name="a29">PMID:14576245</ref> The average patient with type 2 diabetes has three times the normal rate of gluconeogenesis; metformin treatment reduces this by over one-third.<ref name="a103">PMID:11118008</ref> | |||
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== References == | == References == | ||
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