@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <StructureSection load='' size='300' side='right' scene='Journal:JBSD:16/Cv/2' caption='Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor, PDB code [[2bg9]]'>
-'''Under development!'''
 *[[Ligand]]
 *[[Types of ligands]]
@@ Line 7: / Line 6: @@
 *[[Growth factors]]
 *[[Neurotransmitters]]
+*[[Neuropeptides]]
+*[[Neuromodulators]]
 *[[Receptor]]
 *[[Ion channels]]
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 [[Lipid signaling]]:
-''Ceramide''
+''[[Ceramide]]''
 *[[Sphingomyelinase]] (SMase) or sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase is a hydrolase involved in sphingolipid metabolism. It catalyzes the breakdown of sphingomyelin (SM) to phosphocholine and ceramide<ref>PMID:11001563</ref>.
@@ Line 32: / Line 33: @@
 ''Glucosylceramide''
 *[[Acid-beta-glucosidase]]
+'''[[Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2)]]'''
 Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) binds to and directly activates inwardly rectifying [[potassium channels]]. Inward rectifier KCh.
+*[[Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1 (TRPV1)]]
+*[[PLC beta 3 Gq|Phospholipase C beta 3]]
+*[[The Structure of PI3K]]
+*[[Epsin]]
+*[[Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases]]
+*[[PI3K Activation, Inhibition, & Medical Implications]]
+'''[[Prostaglandins]]'''
+*[[Prostaglandin D synthase]]
+*[[Prostaglandin E synthase]]
+*[[Cyclooxygenase]]
+*[[Prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase]]
+*[[Prostaglandin F synthase]]
+*[[Leukotriene B4 hydroxydehydrogenase]]
+*[[Aldo-keto reductase]]
-*[[Lysophosphatidic acid receptor]]
+'''[[Endocannabinoids]]'''
+*[[Beta-2 adrenergic receptor]]
+*[[Monoglyceride lipase]]
 *[[GPR40]]
+*[[Lysophosphatidic acid receptor#Endocannabinoid Receptor 1]]
+*[[Fatty acid amide hydrolase]]
+'''[[Retinol derivatives]]'''
+''Retinal''
+*[[Rhodopsin]]
+*[[Rhodopsin Structure and Function]]
+*[[The BioMolViz Project]]
+*[[Bacteriorhodopsin]]
+*[[CRABP I ( Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein )]]
+* [[Retinal dehydrogenase]]
+*[[User:Rick H. Cote/PDE6#PDE6: central effector of visual excitation in retinal rod and cone photoreceptors]]
+*[[Transducin]]
+*[[Pikachurin]]
+*[[Retinoid isomerohydrolase]]
+''Retinoic acid''
+*[[Retinoic acid receptor]]
+*[[Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein]]
+*[[CRABP I ( Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein )]]
+*[[NK cell receptor]]
+*[[Retinoid X receptor]]
+*[[RA Mediated T-reg Differentiation]]
+*[[PPAR-gamma]]
+*[[Student Project 2 for UMass Chemistry 423 Spring 2015]]
+*[[Aldehyde dehydrogenase]]
+'''[[Steroid Hormones and their receptors]]'''
+This large and diverse class of steroids are biosynthesized from isoprenoids and structurally resemble cholesterol. Mammalian steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestogens. Vitamin D derivatives are a sixth closely related hormone system with homologous receptors. They have some of the characteristics of true steroids as receptor ligands. For example, <scene name='89/895670/Cv/1'>estradiol</scene> is an important estrogen steroid hormone in both women and men. It is a typical steroid with core four-ring system (ABCD), composed of 17 carbon atoms.
+''[[Corticosteroids]]''
+Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones. Two main classes of corticosteroids, [[glucocorticoids]] and [[mineralocorticoids]], are involved in a wide range of physiological processes.
+<scene name='89/896210/Cv/1'>Prednisone</scene> and its derivatives have some mineralocorticoid action in addition to the glucocorticoid effect.
+*[[Glucocorticoids]]
+*[[Mineralocorticoids]]
+*[[Pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase]] active site contains the cofactor <scene name='49/490063/Cv/5'>FMN</scene> and the <scene name='49/490063/Cv/6'>substrate steroid prednisone</scene><ref>PMID:11428899</ref>. Water molecules are shown as red spheres. <scene name='49/490063/Cv/7'>Whole active site</scene>.
+*[[Corticosteroid-binding globulin]]
+<scene name='89/895670/Cv/2'>Cortisol</scene> (hydrocortisone) is a corticosteroid with both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity and effects.
+''[[Glucocorticoids]]''
+Glucocorticoids are corticosteroids that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor. <scene name='89/895670/Cv/3'>Dexamethasone</scene> is a glucocorticoid medication. It is the most potent glucocorticoid and it has not mineralocorticoid potency.
+*[[Glucocorticoid receptor]]. <scene name='89/895670/Cv/4'>Human glucocorticoid receptor ligand-binding domain bound to dexamethasone</scene> ([[1m2z]]).
+*[[Forkhead box proteins]] (FOX) are transcription factors involved in regulation of gene expression.<ref>PMID:17889656</ref>. '''FOXO1''' activation contributes to '''glucocorticoid'''-induced beta cell death<ref>PMID:23435785</ref>. FOX contain a DNA-binding motif (DBD) of 80-100 amino acids having a winged-helix shape.
+**<scene name='47/479231/Cv/5'>Human FoxO1 DNA-binding domain with DNA, Ca+2 and Cl- ions</scene>.
+**<scene name='47/479231/Cv/6'>Ca coordination site</scene>. Water molecules shown as red spheres.
+**<scene name='47/479231/Cv/7'>Cl coordination site</scene>.
+*[[Nuclear receptor coactivator]] (NCOA) is a protein recruited by nuclear receptors in order to enhance or repress DNA transcription. NCOA is involved in coactivation with transcription factors<ref>PMID:9121485</ref>. '''NCOA1''' shows histone acetyltransferase activity and is required for '''steroid hormone''' response. '''NCOA2''' is a DNA transcription coactivator with '''glucocorticoid''' receptor.
+**<scene name='49/494427/Cv/7'>NCOA/STAT6 transactivator domain LXXLL peptide interactions</scene>.
+**<scene name='49/494427/Cv/8'>1st Iod coordination site</scene>.
+**<scene name='49/494427/Cv/9'>2nd Iod coordination site</scene>. Water molecules are shown as red spheres.
+**<scene name='49/494427/Cv/10'>3th and 4th Iod coordination sites</scene>.
+**<scene name='49/494427/Cv/11'>5th Iod coordination site</scene>.
+*[[Thioredoxin Reductase]] (TrxR) is an enzyme which reduces thioredoxin using NADPH<ref>PMID:11012661</ref>. Mutations in TrxR-2 are associated with familial '''glucocorticoid''' deficiency<ref>PMID:24601690</ref>. Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR) is an enzyme which reduces thioredoxin using NADPH<ref>PMID:11012661</ref>.  '''TrxR-2''' is mitochondrial. For more details see [[User:Sarah Abdalla/Thioredoxin Reductase]]. TrxR and Trx form an <scene name='43/433123/Cv/6'>intramolecular Cys-Cys bond</scene><ref>PMID:21750537</ref>. <scene name='43/433123/Cv/7'>FAD binding site</scene>. Water molecules are shown as red spheres.
+*Microsomal [[Prostaglandin E synthase]] (PGES) converts cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived prostaglandin to PGE2. It is membrane-associated and belongs to the microsomal glutathione S-transferase family. PGES is preferentially linked with the inducible COX-2<ref>PMID:12432931</ref> . PGES is induced by proinflammatory stimuli and down-regulated by anti-inflammatory '''glucocorticoids'''<ref>PMID:16336776</ref>. Microsomal ''Prostaglandin E synthase'' <scene name='77/778890/Cv/2'>is membrane-associated</scene> (coordinates are from [http://opm.phar.umich.edu/protein.php?extrapdb=4yl0 OPM database]. The <scene name='77/778890/Cv/6'>anti-inflammatory inhibitor binds to PGES in a pocket above the glutathione and interacts with various side-chains of a helix</scene><ref>PMID:25961169</ref>. Water molecules are shown as red spheres.
+''[[Mineralocorticoids]]''
+Mineralocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids. Mineralocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex and influence salt and water balances (electrolyte balance and fluid balance). The primary mineralocorticoid is <scene name='89/896192/Cv/1'>aldosterone</scene>.
+*[[Mineralocorticoid receptor]] (MR) in epithelial cells is activated by the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone promoting renal sodium retention and potassium excretion. It is [[Nuclear receptors|nuclear receptor]]. In non epithelial cells MR is activated by cortisol<ref>PMID:15199296</ref>.  MR is exposed to many steroids including cortisol, cortisone and progesterone, however, aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone are its physiological ligands. MR mutations are the principal cause of renal pseudohypoaldosteronism<ref>PMID:16972228</ref>. MR mutation S810L causes early-onset hypertension<ref>PMID:10884226</ref>. Inhibition of cardia MR prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity<ref>PMID:28430882</ref>. MR is an important proadipogenic transcription factor that may mediate aldosterone and glucocorticoid effects on adipose tissue development and hence on obesity and development of metabolic syndrome<ref>PMID:17384139</ref>. The MR ligand aldosterone binds in a <scene name='78/781019/Cv/6'>fully enclosed pocket, contacting residues with six α-helices and a β-turn</scene> ({{Template:ColorKey_Helix}},{{Template:ColorKey_Strand}},{{Template:ColorKey_Loop}},{{Template:ColorKey_Turn}}). <scene name='78/781019/Cv/7'>It forms hydrogen bonds with 4 MR residues</scene><ref>PMID:15967794</ref>. <scene name='78/781019/Cv/8'>Whole binding site</scene>. Water molecules are shown as red spheres.
+*[[Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme]], Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.
+*[[Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase]]
+'''[[Sex steroids]]'''
+''[[Androgens]]''
+An androgen is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone that regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. The major androgen in males is <scene name='89/895670/Cv/5'>testosterone</scene>. It is the primary sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males. It is a steroid from the androstane class. It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the [[androgen receptor]].
+*[[Androgen receptor]]. Ligand binding domain (LBD) containing an <scene name='54/543362/Cv/3'>active site</scene> which binds intramolecularly the N-terminal FXXFL motif or coactivators with the same motif.<ref>PMID:18805694</ref> Water molecules are shown as red spheres. <scene name='89/895670/Cv/6'>Human androgen receptor bound to testosterone</scene> ([[2ylo]]).
+*[[Heat shock factor]] (HSF) are transcriptional activators of heat shock genes. HSF bind to heat shock sequence elements throughout the genome with a consensus array of three oppositely oriented sequence AGGAN and activate transcription.  Each HSF monomer contains one C-terminal and 3 N-terminal leucine zippers. Two sequences flanking the N-terminal leucine zippers contain the consensus nuclear localization signal (NLS). The DNA-binding domain (DBD residues 193-281)  of HSF lies in the N-terminal of the first NLS region<ref>PMID:8441385</ref>. Depletion of HSF-1 is associated with accumulation of pathogenic [[androgen receptor]] in neurodegenerative diseases<ref>PMID:23360996</ref>.
+*[[Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein]] (CRABP); Epididymal RABP (ERABP) is an '''androgen'''-dependent RABP present in the lumen of the epididymis believed to be involved in '''sperm''' maturation. ERABP binds specifically all-trans- and 9-cis-RA.
+*[[Aromatase]]. The primary function of aromatase is to produce estrogens by aromatizing '''androgens'''. Aromatase is the only known enzyme in vertebrates capable of catalyzing the aromatization of a six-membered ring<ref name="structure"> Ghosh, D., Griswold, J., Erman, M., Pangborn, W. " X-ray Structure of Human Aromatase Reveals An Androgen-Specific Active Site" ''Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology''. [Online] '''2010''',Vol. 118, Issue 4-5, p197-202[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826573/]</ref>.
+*[[Student Project 1 for UMass Chemistry 423 Spring 2015]]. Protein kinase C related kinase 1 (PRK1) is a component of Rho-GTPase, histone demethylase, '''androgen''' receptor, and histone demethylase signaling pathways and is involved in ovary and prostate cancer. A lot of PRK1 is expressed in cases of ovarian serous carcinoma.
+*[[Finasteride]]
+*[[Zolinza (Vorinostat)]]
+*[[Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase]], 17-β HSD is involved in the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone.
+*[[Aromatase]] converts androstenedione to estrogen and testosterone to estradiol.
+*[[Lipids: structure and classification]]
+*Cytochrome P450 3A4 ([[CYP3A4]])
+''[[Estrogens]]''
+There are three major endogenous estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal activity: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). Estradiol, an estrane, is the most potent and prevalent. Another estrogen called estetrol (E4) is produced only during pregnancy.
+*[[Estrogen receptor]]
+<scene name='Estrogen_receptor/Cv/1'>Click here to see the difference between conformations</scene> of estrogen receptor α complexed with raloxifene and a corepressor peptide (morph was taken from [http://molmovdb.org/cgi-bin/movie.cgi Gallery of Morphs] of the [http://molmovdb.org Yale Morph Server]).
+*[[Estrogen-related receptor]]
+*[[Tamoxifen|Tamoxifen and the Estrogen Receptor/Tamoxifen and the Estrogen-related receptor]]
+<scene name='50/501401/Cv/4'>Binding of nuclear receptor corepressor 2 peptide and 4-hydroxytamoxifen</scene> to human estrogen-related receptor γ. The chemotherapeutic drugs bisphenol and <scene name='50/501401/Cv/5'>tamoxifen</scene> are nestled between 4 alpha helices in the ERR active site.
+* [[Estrogen sulfotransferase]]
+*[[Aromatase]]
+*[[Finasteride]]
-'''Signaling Pathways:'''
+'''Estrone'''
+*[[Estrogen receptor 3D structures]]
+*[[Estrone sulfatase]]
+*[[Sulfatase 3D structures]]
+*[[ABC transporter 3D structures]]
+*[[ABCG2 multidrug transporter]]
+Substrates, such as estrone sulfate, <scene name='83/832932/Cavity_1_-_use2/4'>form hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions</scene> with residues from each subunit in Cavity 1 of ABCG2 multidrug transporter.
+*[[Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase]]
+*[[Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3D structures]]
+*[[Prostaglandin F synthase]]
+'''Estradiol'''
+*[[Lipids: structure and classification]]
+*[[Estrogen receptor]]
+*[[Ivan Koutsopatriy estrogen receptor]]
+*[[Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase]]
+*[[Student Project 10 for UMass Chemistry 423 Spring 2015]]
+*[[Aromatase]]
+*[[Sulfotransferase]]
+*[[ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 2]]
+*[[Hypoxia-Inducible Factors]]
+'''Estriol'''
+*[[Cytochrome P450 3D structures]]: [[1x8v]] - MtP450 CYP51 (mutant)+estriol<br />
+'''Estetrol'''
+*[[3l03]] - Crystal Structure of human Estrogen Receptor alpha Ligand-Binding Domain in complex with a Glucocorticoid Receptor Interacting Protein 1 Nr Box II peptide and Estetrol (Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,15 alpha,16alpha,17beta-tetrol)
+''[[Progestogens]]''
+'''Progesterone'''
+<scene name='89/895670/Cv/7'>Progesterone</scene> (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species.
+*[[Progesterone receptor]]. <scene name='89/895670/Cv/8'>Human progesterone receptor ligand-binding domain bound with progesterone</scene> ([[1a28]]). Water molecules are shown as red spheres.
+*Progesterone is a negative allosteric modulator of [[nicotinic acetylcholine receptors]], and a potent antagonist of the [[mineralocorticoid receptor]].
+*[[Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase]], 20-α HSD is involved in the control of progesterone level in pregnancy of mice. 17-β HSD is involved in the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone.
+'''Vitamin D derivatives; secosteroids (open-ring steroids)'''
+<scene name='89/895670/Cv/9'>Vitamin D</scene>.
+<scene name='89/895670/Cv/10'>25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (25-D3); 25-hydroxyvitamin D3</scene> ([[5ien]])
+Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D pro-hormone.
+*[[Vitamin D receptor]] (also called calcitriol receptor)
+<scene name='56/562378/Vit_d_receptor_3m7r/3'>Vitamin D receptor (VDR)</scene> is a transcription factor. Upon binding to vitamin D, VDR forms a heterodimer with retinoid-X receptor and binds to hormone response receptors on DNA causing gene expression. The <scene name='56/562378/Vit_d_receptor_ligand/1'>vitamin D hormone</scene> (green) binds to receptors in its target cells, controlling the synthesis of many different proteins involved in Ca transport and utilization.
+<scene name='51/517370/Cv/2'>Vitamin D hormone binding site</scene>.
+<scene name='51/517370/Cv/3'>Vitamin D hormone is located in deep pocket</scene>. VDR contains 2 domains: a <scene name='56/562378/Lbd/1'>ligand binding domain (LBD)</scene>, that binds to the hormone (grey) and <scene name='56/562378/Dbd/2'>DNA-binding domain (DBD)</scene> that binds to DNA (green and blue are 2 same VDR structures). It pairs up with a similar protein, 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR), and together they bind to the DNA, activating synthesis in some cases and repressing it in others. When <scene name='56/562378/Serine_final/1'>serine</scene> is mutated it is replaced with a <scene name='56/562378/Glycine_final/1'>glycine</scene> which results in an inhibition of transcriptional activation. When transcription is inhibited it results in p53 accumulation, which activates and promotes p53 translocation into mitochondria leading to apoptosis. <scene name='56/562378/Serine_final/1'>Serine</scene> is replaced with <scene name='56/562378/Asparticacid_final/1'>aspartic acid</scene> when mutated creating a negative charge. The negative charge at the residue inhibits DNA binding which cause a downregulation of VDR activity. VDR needs DNA binding in order for it to be activated which is only possible with a serine residue.
+The vitamin D nuclear receptor is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that controls multiple biological responses such as cell proliferation, immune responses, and bone mineralization. Numerous 1 α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogues, which exhibit low calcemic side effects and/or antitumoral properties, have been synthesized. It was shown that <scene name='56/562378/3a3z/1'>the synthetic analogue (20S,23S)-epoxymethano-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2a)</scene> acts as a 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) superagonist and exhibits both antiproliferative and prodifferentiating properties in vitro. Using this information and on the basis of the crystal structures of human VDR ligand binding domain (hVDR LBD) bound to 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3), 2α-methyl-1α,25(OH)(2)D(3), or 2a, a novel analogue, 2α-methyl-(20S,23S)-epoxymethano-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (4a) was designed, in order to increase its transactivation potency.
 ''ABA Signaling Pathway''
@@ Line 45: / Line 215: @@
 *[[Protein Phosphatase 2C]]
 *[[ABA-regulated SNRK2 Protein Kinase]]
+'''[[Signaling Pathways]]:'''
+*[[Akt/PKB signaling pathway]]
+*[[AMPK signaling pathway]]
+*[[cAMP-dependent pathway]]
+*[[Eph/ephrin signaling pathway]]
+*[[Hedgehog signaling pathway]]
+*[[Insulin signal transduction pathway]]
+*[[JAK-STAT signaling pathway]]
+*[[MAPK/ERK pathway]]
+*[[mTOR signaling pathway]]
+*[[Nodal signaling pathway]]
+*[[Notch signaling pathway]]
+*[[PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway]]
+*[[TGF beta signaling pathway‎]]
+*[[TLR signaling pathway]]
+*[[VEGF signaling pathway]]
+*[[Wnt signaling pathway]]
+[[MAPK/ERK pathway]]
+*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]
+*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase]]
+*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase]]
+*[[Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2]]
+*[[UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2#p38 kinase|p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2)]]
 '''[[Protein Kinases]]:'''
@@ Line 60: / Line 255: @@
 *[[Protein kinase C]]
 *The sensitization of [[TRPV1]] is thought to be connected to phosphorylation by [[protein kinase C]] and the cleavage of PIP2.
-''MAPK''
-*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]
-*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase]]
-*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase]]
-*[[Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2]]
-*[[UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2#p38 kinase|p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2)]]
 ''CAMP-dependent protein kinase''
@@ Line 134: / Line 322: @@
 *[[Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor]]
-Paracrine signaling: fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily
+'''[[Paracrine signaling]]:'''
+Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily
-[[Fibroblast growth factor]] and [[Fibroblast growth factor receptor]] (FGFR). FGFR belongs to Receptor tyrosine kinases, class V.
-'''Sonic Hedgehog'''
+*[[Fibroblast growth factor]] and [[Fibroblast growth factor receptor]] (FGFR). FGFR belongs to Receptor tyrosine kinases, class V.
-*[[Sonic Hedgehog]]
+*[[Hedgehog signaling pathway]]
-*[[Protein patched homolog 1]] (Ptch1) acts as receptor of Sonic Hedgehog protein (Shh) which is involved in formation of embryonic structures.
+*[[TGF beta signaling pathway]]‎
+*[[Wnt signaling pathway]]
+'''[[Intracrine signaling]]'''
-'''Ca2+ signalling processes'''
+'''[[Ca2+ signalling processes]]'''
 *[[Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor]]
 *[[Calcium-dependent protein kinase]]
@@ Line 154: / Line 342: @@
 '''Proton pump'''
-'''Signal transducing adaptor proteins (STAPs)'''
+'''[[Signal transducing adaptor proteins (STAPs)]]'''
 *GRB, [[Growth factor receptor-bound protein]] and [[Grb10 SH2 Domain]].
 *MyD88, [[TIR domain-containing adapter protein]].
@@ Line 160: / Line 348: @@
 '''GTPase'''
 *[[GTPase HRas]].
-'''The Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade'''
-MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines. They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis.
-*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]
-*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase]]
-*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase]]
-*[[Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2]]
-*[[UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2#p38 kinase|p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2)]]
 '''Inflammatory response'''

Signal transduction: Difference between revisions

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