Sandbox GGC6: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| (9 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
<StructureSection load='1b98' size='400' side='right' caption='Neurotrophin-4' scene=''> | <StructureSection load='1b98' size='400' side='right' caption='Neurotrophin-4' scene=''> | ||
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) belongs to a group of | Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) belongs to a group of nerve growth factors that influence nerve cell proliferation through selective and non-covalent interactions with the nerve growth factor receptor. <ref>PMID: 16411893</ref> | ||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
ganglion mother cell fate determination,<ref>PMID: 10681461</ref> epidermis development, <ref>PMID: 9973328</ref> innervation, long term memory, <ref>PMID: 10869436</ref> chemical synaptic transmission modulation and nerve development, <ref>PMID: 21873635</ref> mechanoreceptor differentiation, negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process, and positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation, <ref>PMID: 21873635</ref> nerve growth signaling pathway, <ref>PMID:11520933</ref> and sensory organ boundary specification (taste bud development). <ref>PMID: 10479455</ref> | ganglion mother cell fate determination,<ref>PMID: 10681461</ref> epidermis development, <ref>PMID: 9973328</ref> innervation, long term memory, <ref>PMID: 10869436</ref> chemical synaptic transmission modulation and nerve development, <ref>PMID: 21873635</ref> mechanoreceptor differentiation, negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process, and positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation, <ref>PMID: 21873635</ref> nerve growth signaling pathway, <ref>PMID:11520933</ref> and sensory organ boundary specification (taste bud development). <ref>PMID: 10479455</ref> | ||
== Disease == | == Disease == | ||
NT-4, along with other growth factors including neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) have all shown to be essential for survival of neurons. <ref>PMID: 10631974</ref> <ref>PMID: 16411893</ref> These growth factors have been associated with parts of the cerebrum including the frontal lobe and limbic system because of their involvement in neurological processes like behavior, learning, and memory. <ref>PMID: 16411893</ref> Availability and binding affinity are two factors that contribute to development of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease, as well as neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. <ref>PMID: 16411893</ref> | NT-4, along with other growth factors including neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (<scene name='78/781192/Bdnf/1'>BDNF</scene>), and nerve growth factor (NGF) have all shown to be essential for survival of neurons. <ref>PMID: 10631974</ref> <ref>PMID: 16411893</ref> These growth factors have been associated with parts of the cerebrum including the frontal lobe and limbic system because of their involvement in neurological processes like behavior, learning, and memory. <ref>PMID: 16411893</ref> Availability and binding affinity are two factors that contribute to development of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease, as well as neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. <ref>PMID: 16411893</ref> Both increased and decreased levels of NT-4 are associated with various disease states that effect mental development and decline. Serum concentration levels of NT-4 and BDNF were found to be higher in patients with autism and in patients with mental retardation <ref>Serum neurotrophin concentrations in autism and mental retardation: a pilot study | ||
Miyazaki, Kaoru et al. | |||
Brain and Development, Volume 26, Issue 5, 292 - 295</ref> Defects or mutations in NT-4 has been associated with development of glaucoma. | |||
== Relevance == | == Relevance == | ||
NT-4 is essential for neuron survival and proliferation throughout ones life span so maintaining proper amounts in the body is needed to stay healthy. Neuron growth factors are currently being used as biomarkers to study the relationship between them and various mental disease states including depression, schizophrenia, autism, Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. Knowing the cause of variance in these levels is key for prevention of certain neurological disorders. | |||
Depletion and/or unavailable receptor binding sites are also being studied to further understand these mechanisms. | |||
== Structural highlights == | == Structural highlights == | ||
NT-4 is a homodimer; Its structure includes 2 Neurotrophin-4 factors bound with a chloride ion. This chloride ion is a ligand that binds to nerve growth factor receptors | NT-4 is a homodimer; Its <scene name='78/781192/Protein-ligand/1'>structure</scene> includes 2 Neurotrophin-4 factors bound with a chloride ion. NT-4 is 130 amino acids in length. This chloride ion is a ligand that binds to nerve growth factor receptors. | ||
<scene name='78/781192/N_to_c_rainbow/1'>N to C sequence</scene> | <scene name='78/781192/N_to_c_rainbow/1'>N to C sequence</scene> | ||
{{Template:ColorKey_N52C3Rainbow}} | {{Template:ColorKey_N52C3Rainbow}} | ||
| Line 27: | Line 30: | ||
{{Template:ColorKey_TemperatureRelative}} | {{Template:ColorKey_TemperatureRelative}} | ||
[[Image:1b98 entity 1 front image-800x800.png]] | |||
</StructureSection> | </StructureSection> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||