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<StructureSection load='1io1' size='340' side='right' caption='Flagellin major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium''  (PDB code [[1io1]])' scene=''>
<StructureSection load='1io1' size='340' side='right' caption='Flagellin major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium''  (PDB code [[1io1]])' scene=''>
[[Image:Flagellum1 800px.jpg|left|thumb|The bacterial flagellum consists of a filament, a universal joint (hook), and a motor (basal body).|300px]]<br />
__TOC__
 
==Function==
 
[[Image:Flagellum1 800px.jpg|left|thumb|The bacterial flagellum consists of a filament, a universal joint (hook), and a motor (basal body).|200px]]<br />
Flagella (singular: flagellum) enable bacteria to swim towards sources of nutrition, and away from sources of toxins. Such directed motility is termed ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis chemotaxis]''. Rapid swimming helps [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrio Bdellovibrio] penetrate and parasitize their host bacteria, but flagella are not always essential for virulence<ref name="virulence1">PMID: 2152887</ref>. Flagella are important in responses to quorum sensing<ref name="quorum1">PMID: 15449604</ref> and biofilm formation<ref name="biofilms1">PMID: 19231189</ref><ref name="biofilms2">PMID: 17416647</ref>. Flagella may also be involved in functions other than motility<ref name="otherfunctions">PMID: 17920274</ref>.
Flagella (singular: flagellum) enable bacteria to swim towards sources of nutrition, and away from sources of toxins. Such directed motility is termed ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis chemotaxis]''. Rapid swimming helps [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrio Bdellovibrio] penetrate and parasitize their host bacteria, but flagella are not always essential for virulence<ref name="virulence1">PMID: 2152887</ref>. Flagella are important in responses to quorum sensing<ref name="quorum1">PMID: 15449604</ref> and biofilm formation<ref name="biofilms1">PMID: 19231189</ref><ref name="biofilms2">PMID: 17416647</ref>. Flagella may also be involved in functions other than motility<ref name="otherfunctions">PMID: 17920274</ref>.
*'''FlgA''' is essential for P-ring formation in ''Salmonella'' and ''E. coli''<ref>PMID: 27273476</ref>.
*'''FlgD''' is essential for hook assembly in ''Salmonella''<ref>PMID: 8157595</ref>.
*'''FlgE''' is the subunit of the hook that connects the basal body and the filament<ref>PMID: 36941455</ref>.
*'''FlgG''' is a rod protein in ''Salmonella''<ref>PMID: 15136044</ref>.
*'''FlgJ''' functions as a lytic beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase<ref>PMID: 25248745</ref>.
*'''FlgK''' and '''FlgL''' have a role in the smooth connectivity between the hook and the filament<ref>PMID: 29147015</ref>.
*'''FlhA''' serves as a docking platform for flagellar chaperones in complex with their filament-type substrates<ref>PMID: 34059784</ref>.
*'''FlhB''' is a component of the flagellar secretion system and has a role in protein export<ref>PMID: 23874605</ref>.
*'''FlhE''' acts as chaperone to regulate flow of proteins through the flagellar type III secretion system<ref>PMID: 22435757</ref>.
*'''FlhF''' is a signal recognition particle-like GTPase regulating flagellar number and polarity<ref>PMID: 32039533</ref>.
*'''FliD''' regulates filament assembly by chaperoning [[Flagellin]] proteins<ref>PMID: 27664419</ref>.  It is the component of the cap at the tip of the external filament<ref>PMID: 8683574</ref>.
*'''FliG''' is a cytoplasmic protein which binds to the transmembranal '''FliF''' to form the cytoplasmic flagellar ring<ref>PMID: 22670715</ref>.
*'''FliH''', '''FliI''' and '''FliJ''' make an ATPase complex which is part of the flagellar export apparatus<ref>PMID: 26916245</ref>.
*'''FliL''' is part of the motor stator in ''Helicobacter''<ref>PMID: 35046042</ref>.
*'''FliM''' is involved in the clockwise rotation of the flagellar motor<ref>PMID: 9356251</ref>.
*'''FliN''' with '''FliM''' and '''FliG''' form the switch complex that functions in flagellar assembly, rotation and switcing<ref>PMID: 16547037</ref>.
*'''FliP''', '''FliQ''' and '''FliR''' are  part of the membrane-embedded flagellar export apparatus<ref>PMID: 29076571</ref>.
*'''FliS''' is a flagellin specific type III secretion system chaperone that facilitates the export of flagellin<ref>PMID: 12620624</ref>.
*'''FliT''' is a flagellin specific type III secretion system chaperone that facilitates the export of FliD<ref>PMID: 22111876</ref>.
*'''FliY''' is part of the ''B. subtilis'' switch complex<ref>PMID: 1447979</ref>.
*'''FlcpA''' and '''FcpB''' are flagellar coiling proteins of leptospira<ref>PMID: 27113476</ref>,<ref>PMID: 29868490</ref> .
For further information, please see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia].
For further information, please see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia].
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For more details see [[Flagellar biosynthetic protein]]
For more details see [[Flagellar biosynthetic protein]]


===Filament (Propeller) ===
===Filament (Propeller)===
The [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|flagellar filament]] is a relatively rigid, helical rod, typically many times the length of the bacterial cell. Many motile bacteria, including ''Salmonella'', have multiple flagella extending from each cell. Rotation of the filaments by the motor is what propels the cell. [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|More...]]<br />
The [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|flagellar filament]] is a relatively rigid, helical rod, typically many times the length of the bacterial cell. Many motile bacteria, including ''Salmonella'', have multiple flagella extending from each cell. Rotation of the filaments by the motor is what propels the cell. [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|More...]]<br />


For more details see  [[Flagellar proteins]]
For more details see  [[Flagellar proteins]] and [[Flagellar filament of bacteria]].


===Hook (Universal Joint)===
===Hook (Universal Joint)===
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==Assembly==
==Assembly==
<table border="0" align="right" width="320" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"><tr><td rowspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td style="color:white; background-color:#002a35;">
<table border="0" align="right" width="320" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"><tr><td rowspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td style="color:white; background-color:#002a35;">
<html5media height="315" width="560">http://www.youtube.com/embed/N5Dv_u81Rw4</html5media>
<html5media height="200" width="355">http://www.youtube.com/embed/N5Dv_u81Rw4</html5media>
</td></tr><tr><td style="color:white; background-color:#002a35;">Assembly of the bacterial flagellum. Credit: [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/index.html <span style="color:#80c0ff;">Protonic Nanomachine Project</span>], used with
</td></tr><tr><td style="color:white; background-color:#002a35;">Assembly of the bacterial flagellum. Credit: [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/index.html <span style="color:#80c0ff;">Protonic Nanomachine Project</span>], used with
permission of [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/labo/09a.html <span style="color:#80c0ff;">Keiichi Namba, Osaka University</span>].</td></tr></table>
permission of [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/labo/09a.html <span style="color:#80c0ff;">Keiichi Namba, Osaka University</span>].</td></tr></table>
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{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


</StructureSection>
==3D structures of flagellar protein==
==Flagellar Protein Structures==
[[Flagellar protein 3D structures]]
 
*[[1io1]]: Flagellin major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (FliC41).
*[[1ucu]]: R-type straight flagellar filament made of full-length flagellin.
*[[1wlg]]: Hook monomer major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (FlgE31).
*[[2zbi]]: Cell surface "flagellin" functioning as an alginate receptor, not forming filaments.
*[[3a5x]]: L-type straight flagellar filament made of full-length flagellin.


====Lists of Flagellar Structures====
====Lists of Flagellar Structures====
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*[http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/index.html MOVIES from the Protonic Nanomachine Project, Osaka University]
*[http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/index.html MOVIES from the Protonic Nanomachine Project, Osaka University]


</StructureSection>
==References and Notes==
==References and Notes==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Topic Page]]

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