User:Andrew Nguyen/Sandbox 1: Difference between revisions

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== Agonistic Effects ==

The incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP are released by the intestine and signal the synthesis and release of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells.<ref name="NIH" /> Type 2 diabetes has been correlated to a progressive decline in beta-cell numbers and function, leading to insulin deficiency. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as Januvia, increase levels of active GLP-1 after a meal and reduces the glycemic parameters HbA1c, and fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations. Higher levels of GLP-1 have been shown to promote beta-cell proliferation and reduce the chance of beta-cell death.<ref name= "WILEY">doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01178.x</ref> The preservation, neogenesis, or restoration of beta-cell function is vital in altering the progression of defective insulin secretions. Current research suggests Januvia and other DPP-4 inhibitors not only sustain glycaemic control, but are also potentially involved in tissue repair, anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and the enhancement of immunotherapy in cancer treatment.<ref name= "OMEGA">Sarkar, M., et al. Double Edge Effect of DPP4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin, A Type-2 Anti-Diabetic Drug, on Inflammation, Injury and Cancer. (2016) J Stem Cell Regen Biol 2(3): 1- 7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.15436/2471-0598.16.017 ~~DOI~~:10.15436/2471-0598.16.~~0170~~]</ref>

The incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP are released by the intestine and signal the synthesis and release of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells.<ref name="NIH" /> Type 2 diabetes has been correlated to a progressive decline in beta-cell numbers and function, leading to insulin deficiency. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as Januvia, increase levels of active GLP-1 after a meal and reduces the glycemic parameters HbA1c, and fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations. Higher levels of GLP-1 have been shown to promote beta-cell proliferation and reduce the chance of beta-cell death.<ref name= "WILEY">doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01178.x</ref> The preservation, neogenesis, or restoration of beta-cell function is vital in altering the progression of defective insulin secretions. Current research suggests Januvia and other DPP-4 inhibitors not only sustain glycaemic control, but are also potentially involved in tissue repair, anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and the enhancement of immunotherapy in cancer treatment.<ref name= "OMEGA">Sarkar, M., et al. Double Edge Effect of DPP4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin, A Type-2 Anti-Diabetic Drug, on Inflammation, Injury and Cancer. (2016) J Stem Cell Regen Biol 2(3): 1- 7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.15436/2471-0598.16.017 doi:10.15436/2471-0598.16.017]</ref>

== Prolonged Treatment ==

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 == Agonistic Effects ==
-The incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP are released by the intestine and signal the synthesis and release of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells.<ref name="NIH" /> Type 2 diabetes has been correlated to a progressive decline in beta-cell numbers and function, leading to insulin deficiency. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as Januvia, increase levels of active GLP-1 after a meal and reduces the glycemic parameters HbA1c, and fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations. Higher levels of GLP-1 have been shown to promote beta-cell proliferation and reduce the chance of beta-cell death.<ref name= "WILEY">doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01178.x</ref> The preservation, neogenesis, or restoration of beta-cell function is vital in altering the progression of defective insulin secretions. Current research suggests Januvia and other DPP-4 inhibitors not only sustain glycaemic control, but are also potentially involved in tissue repair, anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and the enhancement of immunotherapy in cancer treatment.<ref name= "OMEGA">Sarkar, M., et al. Double Edge Effect of DPP4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin, A Type-2 Anti-Diabetic Drug, on Inflammation, Injury and Cancer. (2016) J Stem Cell Regen Biol 2(3): 1- 7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.15436/2471-0598.16.017 DOI:10.15436/2471-0598.16.0170]</ref>
+The incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP are released by the intestine and signal the synthesis and release of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells.<ref name="NIH" /> Type 2 diabetes has been correlated to a progressive decline in beta-cell numbers and function, leading to insulin deficiency. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as Januvia, increase levels of active GLP-1 after a meal and reduces the glycemic parameters HbA1c, and fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations. Higher levels of GLP-1 have been shown to promote beta-cell proliferation and reduce the chance of beta-cell death.<ref name= "WILEY">doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01178.x</ref> The preservation, neogenesis, or restoration of beta-cell function is vital in altering the progression of defective insulin secretions. Current research suggests Januvia and other DPP-4 inhibitors not only sustain glycaemic control, but are also potentially involved in tissue repair, anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and the enhancement of immunotherapy in cancer treatment.<ref name= "OMEGA">Sarkar, M., et al. Double Edge Effect of DPP4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin, A Type-2 Anti-Diabetic Drug, on Inflammation, Injury and Cancer. (2016) J Stem Cell Regen Biol 2(3): 1- 7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.15436/2471-0598.16.017 doi:10.15436/2471-0598.16.017]</ref>
 == Prolonged Treatment ==