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{{STRUCTURE_2nvh|  PDB=2nvh | SIZE=400| SCENE= |right|  CAPTION=Human interleukin-1 β chain complex with sulfate, [[2nvh]] }}
<StructureSection load='2nvh' size='340' side='right' caption='Human interleukin-1 β chain complex with sulfate, [[2nvh]]' scene=''>


'''Interleukin''' (IL) is a cytokine which functions in the immune system.  IL deficiency results in autoimmune disease.  IL families are denoted by numbers.<br />
== Function ==
* IL-1 is a group of 11 cytokines which regulate immune and inflammatory response.<br />
'''Interleukin''' (IL) is a cytokine which functions in the immune system.  IL families are denoted by numbers<ref>PMID:3277884</ref>.<br />
* IL-2 is a cytokine made by leukocytes.  It is used in cancer therapy to boost the immune system.<br />
* '''IL-1''' is a group of 11 cytokines which regulate immune and inflammatory response.  See [[Interleukin-1 beta]].<br />
* IL-3 improves the body's natural response to disease by stimulating the differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells.<br />
* '''IL-2''' is a cytokine made by leukocytes.  It is used in cancer therapy to boost the immune system.<br />
* IL-4 induces the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0) to Th2 cells.<br />
* '''IL-3''' improves the body's natural response to disease by stimulating the differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid or lymphoid progenitor cells.<br />
* IL-5 stimulates B cell growth and increases immunoglobulin secretion.<br />
* '''IL-4''' induces the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0) to Th2 cells.<br />
* IL-6 is both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and anti-inflammatory myokine.<br />
* '''IL-5''' stimulates B cell growth and increases immunoglobulin secretion.<br />
* IL-7 is a cytokine important for B and T cells development.<br />
* '''IL-6''' is both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and anti-inflammatory myokine. Several studies have outlined the importance of autocrine IL-6 signaling in lung and breast cancers. For example, one group found a positive correlation between persistently activated tyrosine-phosphorylated [[Stepler sandbox STAT3|STAT3]] (pSTAT3), found in 50% of lung adenocarcinomas, and IL-6. Further investigation revealed that mutant [[EGFR]] could activate the oncogenic STAT3 pathway via upregulated IL-6 autocrine signaling.
* IL-8 induces chemotaxis and phagocytosis.<br />
* '''IL-7''' is a cytokine important for B and T cells development.<br />
* IL-10 see [[Interleukin-10]].<br />
* '''IL-8''' induces chemotaxis and phagocytosis.<br />
* IL-12 induces the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0) to Th1 cells.<br />
* '''IL-10''' see [[Interleukin-10]] and [[Inflammation & Rheumatoid Arthritis]].<br />
* IL-13 induces the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0) to Th2 cells.<br />
* '''IL-11''' involved in the stimulation of megakaryocyte maturation.<br />
* IL-15 see [[Interleukin-15]].<br />
* ''' IL-12''' induces the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0) to Th1 cells.  See [[Interleukin-12]].<br />
* IL-16 acts as chemoattractant, modulator of T cell activity and inhibitor of HIV replication.<br />
* '''IL-13''' induces the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0) to Th2 cells.<br />
* IL-17 recruits monocytes and neutrophils to the site of inflammation.<br />
* '''IL-15''' see [[Interleukin-15]].<br />
* IL-18 induces cell-mediated immunity following infection by microbial lipopolysaccharides.<br />
* '''IL-16''' acts as chemoattractant, modulator of T cell activity and inhibitor of HIV replication.<br />
* IL-19 induces activation of the signal transducer and activator of STAT3.<br />
* '''IL-17''' recruits monocytes and neutrophils to the site of inflammation.<br />
* IL-21 has potent effect on natural killer cells.<br />
* '''IL-18''' induces cell-mediated immunity following infection by microbial lipopolysaccharides.<br />
* IL-22 stimulates inflammatory responses like S100 and defensin.<br />
* '''IL-19''' induces activation of the signal transducer and activator of STAT3.<br />
* IL-23 induces activation of the signal transducer and activator of STAT4.<br />
* ''' IL-21''' has potent effect on natural killer cells.<br />
* IL-28 has a role in the immune defense against viruses.<br />
* '''IL-22''' stimulates inflammatory responses like S100 and defensin.<br />
* IL-29 similar to IL-28.<br />
* ''' IL-23''' induces activation of the signal transducer and activator of STAT4.<br />
* IL-33 induces helper T cells, mast cells, eosinophils and basophils to produce type 2 cytokines.<br />
* ''' IL-24''' induces activation of the signal transducer and activator of STAT1 and STAT3.<br />
* IL-34 increases growth or survival of monocytes.<br />
* '''IL-28''' has a role in the immune defense against viruses.<br />
* '''IL-29''' similar to IL-28.<br />
* '''IL-33''' induces helper T cells, mast cells, eosinophils and basophils to produce type 2 cytokines.<br />
* '''IL-34''' increases growth or survival of monocytes.<br />
* '''IL-36'''  acts on naïve CD4+ T cells.<br />
* ''' IL-37''' has a role in inhibiting both innate and adaptive immune responses.<br />
See also [[Growth factors]]
== Relevance ==
Uncontrolled activation of IL-1 is a component of of some inflammatory diseases including gout<ref>PMID:26656658</ref>.<br />
IL-8 is implicated in inflammatory lung diseases<ref>PMID:14720072</ref>.<br />
IL-10 is implicated in inflammatory bowel disease<ref>PMID:22890722</ref>.<br />
IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory agent<ref>PMID:22428854</ref>.<br />
IL-23 is implicated in Crohn's disease<ref>PMID:24481050</ref>.<br />
 
== Disease ==
IL deficiency results in autoimmune disease<ref>PMID:19494218</ref>.


{{TOC limit|limit=2}}
==3D structures of interleukin==
==3D structures of interleukin==
[[Interleukin 3D structures]]


Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
</StructureSection>
 
===IL-1 α===
 
[[2ila]] - hIL-1 α - human<BR />
[[2kki]] - hIL-1 α residues 121-271 <BR />
[[2l5x]] – hIL-1 α residues 121-271 + calcium-binding protein A13 – NMR<BR />
 
===IL-1 β===
 
[[2wry]] - cIL-1 β – chicken<BR />
[[3nj5]] – cIL-1 β (mutant) <BR />
[[2nvh]], [[9ilb]], [[1iob]], [[5i1b]], [[2i1b]], [[4i1b]], [[1i1b]] - hIL-1 β
[[1tp0]], [[1t4q]], [[1too]], [[1twe]], [[1twm]], [[1s0l]], [[1l2h]], [[1hib]], [[21bi]], [[31bi]], [[41bi]] - hIL-1 β (mutant) <BR />
[[6i1b]], [[7i1b]] - hIL-1 β - NMR<BR />
[[3ltq]] - hIL-1 β residues 117-269 <BR />
[[3pok]] - hIL-1 β residues 117-269 (mutant) <BR />
[[1itb]] - hIL-1 β + IL-1 receptor 1 extracellular domain<BR />
[[3o4o]] - hIL-1 β + IL-1 receptor 2 + IL-1 receptor accessory protein<BR />
[[4g6j]], [[4g6m]] - hIL-1 β + antibody<br />
[[2kh2]] - hIL-1 β + SCFV - NMR<BR />
[[1md6]] – mIL-1F5 – mouse<BR />
[[2mib]], [[8i1b]] - mIL-1 β
 
===IL-2 (T-cell growth factor)===
 
[[1m47]], [[1m4c]], [[3ink]] – hIL-2<BR />
[[3qb1]] - hIL-2 (mutant)<br />
[[1irl]] – hIL-2 (mutant) - NMR<BR />
[[2erj]], [[2b5i]] - hIL-2 + IL-2 receptor α and β + cytokine receptor common γ<BR />
[[1z92]] - hIL-2 + IL-2 receptor α<BR />
[[1qvn]], [[1nbp]], [[1m4a]], [[1m4b]] – hIL-2 (mutant) + inhibitor<BR />
[[1pw6]], [[1py2]], [[1m48]], [[1m49]] – hIL-2 + inhibitor<BR />
 
===IL-3===
 
[[1jli]] – hIL-3 (mutant) – NMR<BR />
[[2l3o]] – mIL-3 residues 33-156 (mutant) - NMR
 
===IL-4===
 
[[2b8u]], [[1hik]], [[2int]], [[1rcb]] – hIL-4<BR />
[[2cyk]], [[1cyl]], [[1itm]], [[1bbn]], [[1bcn]], [[1iti]], [[1itl]] – hIL-4 - NMR<BR />
[[2b8x]], [[2b8y]], [[2b8z]], [[2b90]], [[2b91]], [[2d48]], [[1hzi]], [[1hij]] - hIL-4 (mutant) <BR />
[[1iar]] - hIL-4 + IL-4 receptor α (mutant) <BR />
[[3bpl]] - hIL-4 + IL-4 receptor α + cytokine receptor common γ<BR />
[[3bpn]] - hIL-4 + IL-4 receptor α + IL-13 receptor α
 
===IL-5===
 
[[1hul]] – hIL-5<BR />
[[3b5k]] – mIL-5
 
===IL-6===
 
[[1alu]] – hIL-6<BR />
[[2l3y]] - mIL-6 residues 27-211 - NMR<br />
[[1il6]], [[2il6]] – hIL-6 - NMR<BR />
[[1p9m]] - hIL-6 + IL-6 receptor α and β<br />
[[1i16]] – IL-6 + IL-6 receptor β - Herpesvirus 8
 
===IL-7===
 
[[3di2]], [[3di3]] - hIL-7 residues 26-177 + IL-7 receptor α ectodomain
 
===IL-8===
 
[[3il8]] – hIL-8<BR />
[[1il8]], [[2il8]] – hIL-8]- NMR<BR />
[[1qe6]], [[1icw]] – hIL-8 (mutant) <BR />
[[1ikl]], [[1ikm]] - hIL-8 (mutant) - NMR<BR />
[[1rod]] - hIL-8/melanoma growth stimulating protein – NMR<br />
[[1ilp]], [[1ilq]] - hIL-8 + IL-8 receptor peptide
 
===IL-10===
 
[[2h24]], [[1inr]], [[2ilk]], [[1ilk]] – hIL-10<BR />
[[1j7v]] – hIL-10 + IL-10 receptor α (mutant) <BR />
[[1y6k]] - hIL-10 residues 19-178 + IL-10 receptor α
 
===IL-10 viral===
 
[[1vlk]] - hvIL-10 residues 26-170 - human herpesvirus 4<BR />
[[1y6m]] - hvIL-10 residues 26-170 + IL-10 receptor α <BR />
[[1y6n]] - hvIL-10 residues 26-170 (mutant) + IL-10 receptor α <BR />
[[1lqs]] - hvIL-10 residues 20-176 + IL-10 receptor α - human herpesvirus 5<BR />
[[1lk3]] - hvIL-10 residues 26-175 + antibody
 
===IL-12===
 
[[1f45]] - hIL-12 α and β (mutant) <BR />
[[1f42]] - hIL-12 β P40 domain<BR />
[[3hmx]] - hIL-12 α and β+ antibody<br />
[[3qwr]] - hIL-12 β + hIL- 23 α + adnectin
 
===IL-13===
 
[[1ijz]], [[1ik0]] – hIL-13 – NMR<BR />
[[1ga3]] - hIL-13 residues 21-132 - NMR<BR />
[[3l5w]], [[3l5x]], [[3l5y]], [[3g6d]], [[4i77]] - hIL-13 residues 35-146 + antibody<BR />
[[3lb6]] - hIL-13 + IL-13 receptor α2<BR />
[[3bpo]] - hIL-13 + IL-4 receptor α + IL-13 receptor α
 
===IL-15===
 
[[2xqb]] – hIL-15 + antibody<BR />
[[2psm]], [[2z3q]], [[2z3r]] - hIL-15 + IL-15 receptor α
 
===IL-16===
 
[[1i16]] – hIL-16 - NMR<BR />
[[1x6d]] – hIL-16 PDZ domain – NMR<BR />
 
===IL-17===
 
[[4hr9]] - hIL-17A (mutant)<br />
[[2vxs]] - hIL-17A residues 20-255 + antibody<BR />
[[1jpy]] – hIL-17F<BR />
[[3jvf]] - hIL-17F + IL-17 receptor α
 
===IL-18===
 
[[1j0s]] – hIL-18 - NMR<BR />
[[4hjj]] - hIL-18 + antibody<br />
[[2vxt]] - hIL-18 (mutant) + antibody<BR />
[[3f62]] - hIL-18 residues 37-193 (mutant) + IL-18 binding protein<br />
[[4eee]], [[4ekx]] - hIL-18 (mutant) + 14L protein
 
===IL-19===
 
[[1n1f]] – hIL-19
 
===IL-21===
 
[[2oqp]]– hIL-21 – NMR<BR />
 
===IL-22===
 
[[1ykb]], [[1m4r]] – hIL-22<BR />
[[3g9v]] - hIL-22 residues 29-179 + IL-22 receptor α2<BR />
[[3dlq]], [[3dgc]] - hIL-22 residues 29-179 (mutant) + IL-22 receptor α1<br />
[[3q1s]] - hIL-22 residues 29-179 (mutant) + antibody
 
===IL-23===
 
[[3d87]] - hIL-23 α<BR />
[[3d85]] - hIL-23 α + antibody<BR />
[[3duh]] - hIL-23 α + hIL-12 β
 
===IL-28===
 
[[3hhc]] – hIL-28B
 
===IL-29===
 
[[3og4]], [[3og6]] – hIL-29 + IL-28 receptor α
 
 
===IL-33===
 
[[2kll]] - hIL-33 residues 110-270 - NMR<BR />
 
===IL-34===
 
[[4dkc]] - hIL-34<br />
[[4exn]] - mIL-34<br />
[[4dkd]] - hIL-34 active core + macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor<br />
[[4exp]] - mIL-34 active core + macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor<br />
[[4dke]], [[4dkf]] - hIL-34 active core + antibody
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


  [[Category:Topic Page]]
== References ==
<references/>
[[Category: Topic Page]]

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Michal Harel, Joel L. Sussman, Alexander Berchansky
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