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{{STRUCTURE_1fuo|  PDB=1fuo  | SIZE=400| SCENE= |right|CAPTION=E. coli fumarase complex with citrate and malate   , [[1fuo]] }}
<StructureSection load='4adl' size='350' side='right' caption='Fumarase tetramer complex with malate , [[4adl]]' scene=''>
== Function ==


'''Fumarase''' is used in the citric acid cycle to conduct a transition step in the production of energy to make NADH. It metabolizes Fumarate in the cytosol, which becomes a byproduct of the urea cycle and amino acid catabolism. It catalyzes the addition of water to make S-Malate. This is a reversible reaction.
'''Fumarase''' or '''fumarase hydratase''' is used in the citric acid cycle to conduct a transition step in the production of energy to make NADH. It metabolizes fumarate in the cytosol, which becomes a byproduct of the urea cycle and amino acid catabolism. It catalyzes the addition of water to fumarate to make ''L''-malate. This is a reversible reaction<ref>PMID:16204892</ref>. See also:<br />
*[[Krebs cycle carbons]]
*[[Krebs cycle importance]]
*[[Krebs cycle overview]]
*[[Krebs cycle reactions]]
*[[Citric Acid Cycle]]
*[[Krebs cycle step 7]]
*[[Fumarase 2]]
*[[Glyoxylate cycle]]


{{TOC limit|limit=2}}
==Other interesting information==


==Other interesting information==
'''Fumarase''' or '''fumarate hydratase''' is dominant in fetal and adult tissues and largely expressed in the skin, parathyroid, lymph, and colon
There are two classes of fumarases, which depend on the arrangement of their relative subunit, their metal requirement, and their thermal stability. '''Class I fumarases''' can change their state or become inactive when exposed to heat or radiation. They are sensitive to superoxide anions and Fe2+ dependent. '''Class II fumarases''' are found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. They are iron-independent and thermal-stable.
 
== Disease ==


'''Fumarase''' is dominant in fetal and adult tissues and largely expressed in the skin, parathyroid, lymph, and colon
Fumarase deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder distinguished by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarate hydratase and indicated by an excess of fumaric acid in the urine. It is common in infants with neurologic abnormalities and its potential causes include cytosolic and mitochondrial forms of fumarase.
There are two classes of Fumarases, which depend on the arrangement of their relative subunit, their metal requirement, and their thermal stability. Class I Fumarases can change their state or become inactive when exposed to heat or radiation. They are sensitive to superoxide anions and Fe2+ dependent. Class II Fumarases are found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. They are iron-independent and thermal-stable.
Fumarase deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder distinguished by a deficiency of the enzyme Fumarate hydratase and indicated by an excess of Fumaric acid in the urine. It is common of infants with neurologic abnormalities and its potential causes include cytosolic and mitochondrial forms of Fumarase.


==Fumarase Scenes==
==Fumarase Scenes==
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<scene name='User:Sydney_Park/Secondary_structure/1'>Secondary Structure</scene><br />
<scene name='User:Sydney_Park/Secondary_structure/1'>Secondary Structure</scene><br />
<scene name='User:Sydney_Park/Leuthydro/1'>Hydrophilic</scene><br />
<scene name='User:Sydney_Park/Leuthydro/1'>Hydrophilic</scene><br />
</StructureSection>


==3D structures of fumarase== 


==3D structures of fumarase== 
Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|


===Fumarase===
*Fumarase


[[3qbp]] – FUM – ''Mycobacterium marinum''<br />
**[[6ebt]] – hFUM (mutant) – human<br />
[[3no9]] – FUM II – ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''<br />
**[[3e04]], [[5d6b]], [[5upp]] – hFUM residues 44-510 - human<br />
[[3gtd]] – FUM II – ''Rickettsia prowazekii''<br />
**[[6ebt]], [[6v8f]], [[6vbe]] – hFUM (mutant)<br />
[[3e04]] – FUM residues 44-510 – human<br />
**[[1yfm]], [[6ku6]] – FUM (mutant) – yeast<br />
[[2isb]] – FUM I – ''Archaeoglobus fulgidus''<br />
**[[3qbp]] – FUM – ''Mycobacterium marinum''<br />
[[2yfe]], [[1yfm]] – EcFUM II – ''Escherichia coli''<br />
**[[3no9]] – MtFUM II – ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''<br />
[[1vdk]], [[1kq7]] - EcFUM II (mutant)
**[[4apa]] - MtFUM II (mutant)<br />
**[[3rd8]] – FUM II – ''Mycobacterium smegmatis''<br />
**[[3gtd]] – FUM II – ''Rickettsia prowazekii''<br />
**[[2isb]] – FUM I – ''Archaeoglobus fulgidus''<br />
**[[1kq7]], [[1yfe]], [[6os7]] - EcFUM II (mutant) – ''Escherichia coli''<br />
**[[4hgv]] – FUM II – ''Sinorhizobium meliloti''<br />
**[[3tv2]] – FUM II – ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''<br />
**[[1vdk]] – FUM II (mutant) – ''Thermus thermophilus''<br />
**[[6n1m]] – FUM II – ''Legionella pneumophila''<br />
**[[7miw]] – FUM II – ''Elizabethakingia anophelis''<br />
**[[6u4o]] – FUM II – ''Schistosoma mansoni''<br />
**[[7c1c]] – MsFUM II – ''Mannheimia succiniciproducens''<br />
**[[6unz]] – LmFUM II – ''Leishmania major''<br />


===Fumarase binary complexes===
*Fumarase binary complexes


[[1fur]] - EcFUM II (mutant) + malate<br />
**[[1fur]] - EcFUM II (mutant) + malate<br />
[[2fus]] - EcFUM II (mutant) + citrate
**[[6nz9]] - EcFUM II + citrate<br />
**[[2fus]], [[6nza]], [[6nzb]], [[6nzc]], [[6os7]], [[6p3c]] - EcFUM II (mutant) + citrate<br />
**[[4adl]] - MtFUM II + malate<br />
**[[4adm]] - MtFUM II + tartrate<br />
**[[4apb]] - MtFUM II (mutant) + fumarate<br />
**[[5f92]] – MtFUM II + formate<br />
**[[7c1a]] – MsFUM II + malate <br />
**[[7c18]] – MsFUM II + fumarate <br />
**[[6uo0]], [[6upm]], [[6upo]], [[6uq9]], [[6uql]], [[6uqm]] – LmFUM II (mutant) + malate <br />
**[[6uoi]] – LmFUM II + malonate <br />
**[[6up9]] – LmFUM II (mutant) + malonate <br />
**[[6uoj]] – LmFUM II + succinate <br />


===Fumarase ternary complexes===
*Fumarase ternary complexes


[[1fup]] - EcFUM II + pyromellitic acid + malate<br />
**[[1fup]] - EcFUM II + pyromellitic acid + malate<br />
[[1fuq]] - EcFUM II + pyromellitic acid + citrate<br />
**[[1fuq]] - EcFUM II + pyromellitic acid + citrate<br />
[[1fuo]] - EcFUM II + citrate + malate
**[[1fuo]] - EcFUM II + citrate + malate<br />
**[[5f91]], [[6s43]], [[6s7k]], [[6s7s]], [[6s7u]], [[6s7w]], [[6s7z]], [[6s88]] – MtFUM II + modulator + formate<br />
**[[6uqn]] – LmFUM II (mutant) + malate + fumarate <br />
**[[6uq8]], [[6uqb]] – LmFUM II (mutant) + malate + malonate <br />


}}


==References==
==References==
<references/>
Wikipedia. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarase>, Wikipedia. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enolase>, University of Wisconsin- Eau Claire. <http://www.chem.uwec.edu/Webpapers_F99/Pages/Webpapers_F99/golnercm/Pages/descrip.html>, Virtual Chembook. Elmhurst College. <http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/601glycolysisrx.html>
Wikipedia. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarase>, Wikipedia. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enolase>, University of Wisconsin- Eau Claire. <http://www.chem.uwec.edu/Webpapers_F99/Pages/Webpapers_F99/golnercm/Pages/descrip.html>, Virtual Chembook. Elmhurst College. <http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/601glycolysisrx.html>


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Michal Harel, Jaime Prilusky, Alexander Berchansky
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