Naproxen: Difference between revisions
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[[Naproxen]] '''Sodium''' is a '''nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug''' ('''NSAID''') that can be prescribed to relieve | <StructureSection load='3nt1' size='350' side='right' caption='COX-2 Naproxen Complex ([[3nt1]])' scene=''> | ||
* | [[Naproxen]] '''Sodium''' is a '''nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug''' ('''NSAID''') that can be prescribed to relieve [[inflammation]], stiffness, tenderness, or pain that can be caused by:<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000526/</ref> | ||
* | *Osteoarthritis | ||
* | *[[Rheumatoid Arthritis]] | ||
* | *Juvenile Arthritis | ||
* | *Ankylosing Spondylitis | ||
* | *Bursitis | ||
* | *Tendinitis | ||
*Gouty Arthritis | |||
Readily available over the counter, naproxen is also used to treat:<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000526/</ref> | Readily available over the counter, naproxen is also used to treat:<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0000526/</ref> | ||
* | *Headaches | ||
* | *Menstrual pain | ||
* | *Common colds | ||
* | *Toothaches | ||
* | *Muscle ache | ||
* | *Back pain | ||
"Naproxen and naproxen sodium are marketed under various trade names, including: '''Aleve, Anaprox, Antalgin, Feminax Ultra, Flanax, Inza, Midol Extended Relief, Miranax, Nalgesin, Naposin, Naprelan, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Narocin, Proxen, Synflex and Xenobid'''."<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naproxen</ref> Like other NSAID medications naproxen is known to cause ulcers, bleeding, or holes in the lining of the stomach and intestines and should always be taken with a glass of water. | "Naproxen and naproxen sodium are marketed under various trade names, including: '''Aleve, Anaprox, Antalgin, Feminax Ultra, Flanax, Inza, Midol Extended Relief, Miranax, Nalgesin, Naposin, Naprelan, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Narocin, Proxen, Synflex and Xenobid'''."<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naproxen</ref> Like other [[Pharmaceutical Drugs|NSAID medications]] naproxen is known to cause ulcers, bleeding, or holes in the lining of the stomach and intestines and should always be taken with a glass of water. | ||
Some of naproxen's side effects, are and are not limited too: constipation, diarrhea, sores in mouth, excessive thirst, headache, | Some of naproxen's side effects, are and are not limited too: constipation, diarrhea, sores in mouth, excessive thirst, headache, | ||
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==Chemical Properties== | ==Chemical Properties== | ||
IUPAC:(+)-(S)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoic acid | IUPAC:(+)-[[R/S nomenclature|(S)]]-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoic acid | ||
Molecular Weight:230.250 g/mol | Molecular Weight:230.250 g/mol | ||
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==Target Protein: Cyclooxygenase== | ==Target Protein: Cyclooxygenase== | ||
[[Cyclooxygenase]] abbreviated as '''COX''' is an enzyme that is responsible for the production of prostanoids, such as prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane. These eicosanoids, or more simply signaling molecules, are responsible for inflammatory and anaphylactic reactions, vasoconstriction, and the resolution of inflammation respectively. Inhibition of this enzyme can therefore lead to temporary relief of pain and inflammation. | |||
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAID, target and inhibit the COX enzyme to achieve these desired effects. Of the three variants, (COX-1, COX-2, COX-3), Naproxen targets COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, responsible for the inflammatory and anaphylactic reations, and is found in the blood, kidneys, and stomach. But COX-1 is also involved in the synthesis of the natural mucus lining that protects the stomach, hence why an overdose, or frequent doses can cause stomach ulcers and bleeding. COX-2 is involved in prostagladin synthesis (all three types) but is only found at the site of inflammation, therefore is not responsible for the notable GI tract side effects that occur with the COX-1 inhibitors. As COX-2 enzymes are found strictly at the site of inflammation, they make an excellent drug target as side effects are limited. | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAID, target and inhibit the COX enzyme to achieve these desired effects. Of the three variants, (COX-1, COX-2, COX-3), Naproxen targets COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, responsible for the inflammatory and anaphylactic reations, and is found in the blood, kidneys, and stomach. But COX-1 is also involved in the synthesis of the natural mucus lining that protects the stomach, hence why an overdose, or frequent doses can cause stomach ulcers and bleeding. COX-2 is involved in prostagladin synthesis (all three types) but is only found at the site of inflammation, therefore is not responsible for the notable GI tract side effects that occur with the COX-1 inhibitors. As COX-2 enzymes are found strictly at the site of inflammation, they make an excellent drug target as side effects are limited. | ||
==Naproxen In Vivo== | ==Naproxen In Vivo== | ||
Although Naproxen has been on the market for a number of years, little is known about its method of inhibition. While researchers have recently discovered how naproxen binds to the COX-2 enzyme, they have not yet been able to prove how this inhibits the enzyme’s function. | Although Naproxen has been on the market for a number of years, little is known about its method of inhibition. While researchers have recently discovered how naproxen binds to the COX-2 enzyme, they have not yet been able to prove how this inhibits the enzyme’s function. | ||
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While how naproxen binds to COX-2 was | While how naproxen binds to COX-2 was discovered in September of 2010, no breakthroughs have yet been make as to how or why naproxen binding inhibits enzyme function. <scene name='42/420810/Binding_site/3'>Naproxen binding site</scene> ([[3nt1]]). | ||
[[Image:Mechanism naproxen.jpg]]<ref>http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=3NT1</ref> | [[Image:Mechanism naproxen.jpg]]<ref>http://www.pdb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=3NT1</ref> | ||
==Additional Resources== | ==Additional Resources== | ||
For Additional Information, See [[Pharmaceutical Drugs]] | For Additional Information, See [[Pharmaceutical Drugs]] | ||
</StructureSection> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||