Protein phosphatase: Difference between revisions

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<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' scene='54/540142/Cv/1' caption='Human PP2A catalytic (green) and regulatory (cyan) subunits complex with tumor-inducing toxin and sulfate [[3k7v]]'>
<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' scene='54/540142/Cv/1' caption='Human PP2A catalytic (green) and regulatory (cyan) subunits complex with tumor-inducing toxin and sulfate [[3k7v]]'>
__TOC__
== Function ==
== Function ==
'''Protein phosphatases''' (PP) or '''serine/threonine protein phosphatase''' regulate protein phosphorylation and thus are key in intracellular signal transduction processes.<br />
'''Protein phosphatases''' (PP) or '''serine/threonine protein phosphatase''' regulate protein phosphorylation and thus are key in intracellular signal transduction processes.<br />
*  '''PP1''' is a serine/threonine phosphatase and is a key component of the insulin signaling pathway<ref>PMID:9609113</ref>.<br />
*  '''PP1''' is a serine/threonine phosphatase and is a key component of the insulin signaling pathway<ref>PMID:9609113</ref>.<br />  
*  '''PP1C''' is the catalytic subunit of PP1.
*  '''PP1K''' is Mn+2/Mg+2-dependent PP1.
*  '''PP2A''' targets proteins in the oncogenic signaling pathways<ref>PMID:11812651</ref>. For PP2A see also [[HEAT Repeat]].<br />
*  '''PP2A''' targets proteins in the oncogenic signaling pathways<ref>PMID:11812651</ref>. For PP2A see also [[HEAT Repeat]].<br />
*  '''PP2C''' are Mg/Mn-dependent and are essential for the regulation of cell cycle and stress signaling pathways.  For details see [[ABA-regulated Protein Phosphatase 2C]] and [[ABA Signaling_pathway]].<br />
*  '''PP2C''' are Mg/Mn-dependent and are essential for the regulation of cell cycle and stress signaling pathways.  For details see<br />
* <scene name='54/540142/Protein_pp2cm_with_mgii/4'>PP2Cm</scene>
*[[Protein Phosphatase 2C]]<br />
*[[ABA-regulated Protein Phosphatase 2C]]<br />
*[[ABA Signaling Pathway]].<br />
*  '''PP4''' regulates a variety of cellular functions<ref>PMID:25562660</ref>.<br />
*  '''PP4''' regulates a variety of cellular functions<ref>PMID:25562660</ref>.<br />
*  '''PP5''' is activated by lipids and is involved in signal transduction<ref>PMID:11137038</ref>.   
*  '''PP5''' is activated by lipids and is involved in signal transduction<ref>PMID:11137038</ref>.   
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== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==
<scene name='54/540142/Cv/2'>Human PP2A catalytic (green) and regulatory (cyan) subunits complex with tumor-inducing toxin</scene>. Algal toxin binds at the surface pocket of the PP2A catalytic subunit which contains the Mn+2 ion cofactors<ref>PMID:19916524</ref>. Water molecule shown as red sphere.
<scene name='54/540142/Cv/5'>Human PP2A catalytic (green) and regulatory (cyan) subunits complex with tumor-inducing toxin</scene>. Algal toxin binds at the surface pocket of the PP2A catalytic subunit which contains the Mn+2 ion cofactors<ref>PMID:19916524</ref>. Water molecule are shown as red sphere.
*<scene name='54/540142/Cv/3'>Mn+2 ion cofactors coordination site</scene>.
*<scene name='54/540142/Cv/6'>Mn+2 ion cofactors coordination site</scene>.
*<scene name='54/540142/Cv/4'>Whole binding site</scene>.
*<scene name='54/540142/Cv/7'>Whole binding site</scene>.
</StructureSection>
== 3D Structures of protein phosphatase==
== 3D Structures of protein phosphatase==
[[Protein phosphatase 3D structures]]
Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
*Protein phosphatase 1


**[[2rlt]] - PP1 regulatory subunit - pig - NMR<br />
</StructureSection>
 
*Protein phosphatase 1A
 
**[[3fxj]], [[3fxk]], [[3fxl]], [[3fxm]], [[3fxo]], [[4ra2]] – hPP1A + Mn – human<br />
**[[3n5u]] – hPP1A catalytic subunit + retinoblastoma-associated protein<br />
**[[4g9j]], [[5ioh]] – hPP1A catalytic subunit + peptide<br />
 
*Protein phosphatase 1G
 
**[[5inb]], [[5j28]] - hPP1G catalytic subunit + peptide<br />
 
*Protein phosphatase 1K
 
**[[4da1]] - hPP1K + Mn<br />
 
*Protein phosphatase 2A
 
**[[1b3u]], [[2g62]], [[2hv6]] – hPP2A regulatory subunit <br />
**[[2ie3]], [[2ie4]], [[2npp]], [[2nyl]], [[2nym]] – hPP2A catalytic + regulatory subunit + tumor-inducing toxin<br />
**[[3c5w]] – hPP2A catalytic + regulatory subunit + PP2A-specific methyltransferase<br />
 
*Protein phosphatase 2B See [[Calcineurin]]
 
*Protein phosphatase 2C
 
**[[2iq1]] – hPP2C κ <br />
**[[4raf]], [[4rag]] - hPP2C α (mutant) + Mn<br />
**[[3d8k]] – PP2C – ''Toxoplasma gondii''<br />
**[[3jrq]], [[3nmn]] – AtPP2C + Pyl1 + pyrabactin – ''Arabidopsis thaliana''<br />
**[[3kdj]] - AtPP2C + Pyl1 + abscicic acid<br />
**[[3nmt]], [[3kb3]], [[3nmv]], [[3ujl]] – AtPP2C + Pyl2<br />
**[[4la7]], [[4lg5]], [[4lga]], [[4lgb]] – AtPP2C + Pyl2 + ligand<br />
**[[4ds8]], [[5jo1]], [[5jo2]] – AtPP2C + Pyl3 + Mn<br />
**[[3rt0]] – AtPP2C (mutant) + Pyl10<br />
**[[4n0g]] – AtPP2C + Pyl13<br />
**[[3qn1]], [[3zvu]], [[4wvo]] – AtPP2C + Pyr1<br />
**[[3ujk]] – AtPP2C <br />
**[[4yzg]] – AtPP2C (mutant) <br />
**[[4yzh]] – AtPP2C (mutant) + chlorophyll-binding protein peptide<br />
**[[3ujg]] - AtPP2C + SRK2E<br />
 
*Protein phosphatase 4
 
**[[4wsf]] – PP4 regulatory subunit + Cenp-C – ''Drosophila melanogaster''<br />
 
*Protein phosphatase 5
 
**[[1wao]] – hPP5 + Mn<br />
**[[5muf]] – hPP5 <br />
**[[1a17]] – hPP5 protein-interacting domain<br />
**[[2bug]] – hPP5 protein-interacting domain (mutant) + Hsp90 peptide - NMR<br />
**[[1s95]], [[3h60]] – hPP5 catalytic domain + Mn<br />
**[[3h61]], [[3h62]], [[3h63]], [[3h64]], [[3h66]], [[3h67]], [[3h68]], [[3h69]], [[4zvz]], [[4zx2]], [[4zvz]], [[4zx2]] – hPP5 catalytic domain + inhibitor + Mn<br />
**[[5hpe]] – hPP5 catalytic domain/Hsp90 peptide + Mn<br />
**[[4ja7]], [[4ja9]] - rPP5 catalytic domain + inhibitor <br />
**[[3icf]] - yPP5 catalytic domain + Fe - yeast<br />
**[[5jjt]] – AtPP5 + Ni<br />
 
*Protein phosphatase


**[[1g5b]] – PP + Mn – Enterobacteria phage λ<br />
**[[2pk0]] – PP + Mg – ''Streptococcus agalactiae''<br />
**[[2cm1]] – PP + Mn – ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''<br />
**[[3pu9]] – PP + Mg – ''Sphaerobacter thermophilus''<br />
**[[5f1m]] – PP Stp1 + Mn – ''Staphylococcus aureus''<br />
**[[5jpf]] – PP Z1 + microcystin-LR + Mn – ''Candida albicans''<br />
}}
== References ==
== References ==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]

Latest revision as of 10:57, 23 July 2024

Function

Protein phosphatases (PP) or serine/threonine protein phosphatase regulate protein phosphorylation and thus are key in intracellular signal transduction processes.

  • PP1 is a serine/threonine phosphatase and is a key component of the insulin signaling pathway[1].
  • PP1C is the catalytic subunit of PP1.
  • PP1K is Mn+2/Mg+2-dependent PP1.
  • PP2A targets proteins in the oncogenic signaling pathways[2]. For PP2A see also HEAT Repeat.
  • PP2C are Mg/Mn-dependent and are essential for the regulation of cell cycle and stress signaling pathways. For details see
  • Protein Phosphatase 2C
  • ABA-regulated Protein Phosphatase 2C
  • ABA Signaling Pathway.
  • PP4 regulates a variety of cellular functions[3].
  • PP5 is activated by lipids and is involved in signal transduction[4].

Disease

Mutations in PP2A are found in many solid cancers and leukemias. PP2A-activating drugs are possible candidates for cancer therapeutics protocols[5]. Development of Alzheimer disease drugs could be based on restoration of PP2A activity[6].

Structural highlights

. Algal toxin binds at the surface pocket of the PP2A catalytic subunit which contains the Mn+2 ion cofactors[7]. Water molecule are shown as red sphere.

  • .
  • .

3D Structures of protein phosphatase

Protein phosphatase 3D structures


Human PP2A catalytic (green) and regulatory (cyan) subunits complex with tumor-inducing toxin and sulfate 3k7v

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

ReferencesReferences

  1. ↑ Ragolia L, Begum N. Protein phosphatase-1 and insulin action. Mol Cell Biochem. 1998 May;182(1-2):49-58. PMID:9609113
  2. ↑ Resjo S, Goransson O, Harndahl L, Zolnierowicz S, Manganiello V, Degerman E. Protein phosphatase 2A is the main phosphatase involved in the regulation of protein kinase B in rat adipocytes. Cell Signal. 2002 Mar;14(3):231-8. PMID:11812651
  3. ↑ Lipinszki Z, Lefevre S, Savoian MS, Singleton MR, Glover DM, Przewloka MR. Centromeric binding and activity of Protein Phosphatase 4. Nat Commun. 2015 Jan 6;6:5894. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6894. PMID:25562660 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6894
  4. ↑ Chinkers M. Protein phosphatase 5 in signal transduction. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Jan-Feb;12(1):28-32. PMID:11137038
  5. ↑ Perrotti D, Neviani P. Protein phosphatase 2A: a target for anticancer therapy. Lancet Oncol. 2013 May;14(6):e229-38. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70558-2. PMID:23639323 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70558-2
  6. ↑ Rudrabhatla P, Pant HC. Role of protein phosphatase 2A in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2011 Sep;8(6):623-32. PMID:21605044
  7. ↑ Huhn J, Jeffrey PD, Larsen K, Rundberget T, Rise F, Cox NR, Arcus V, Shi Y, Miles CO. A structural basis for the reduced toxicity of dinophysistoxin-2. Chem Res Toxicol. 2009 Nov;22(11):1782-6. PMID:19916524 doi:10.1021/tx9001622

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Michal Harel, Alexander Berchansky, Joel L. Sussman, Alexsandra Tifane Santos do Nascimento
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