Proteopedia

Flagellar protein: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
Eric Martz (talk | contribs)
ConfirmAccount, Editor, Tester, Administrators
27,351 edits
Michal Harel (talk | contribs)
31,761 edits
No edit summary
 
(58 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
<StructureSection load='1io1' size='340' side='right' caption='Flagellin major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium''  (PDB code [[1io1]])' scene=''>
__TOC__
==Function==
[[Image:Flagellum1 800px.jpg|left|thumb|The bacterial flagellum consists of a filament, a universal joint (hook), and a motor (basal body).|200px]]<br />
Flagella (singular: flagellum) enable bacteria to swim towards sources of nutrition, and away from sources of toxins. Such directed motility is termed ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis chemotaxis]''. Rapid swimming helps [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrio Bdellovibrio] penetrate and parasitize their host bacteria, but flagella are not always essential for virulence<ref name="virulence1">PMID: 2152887</ref>. Flagella are important in responses to quorum sensing<ref name="quorum1">PMID: 15449604</ref> and biofilm formation<ref name="biofilms1">PMID: 19231189</ref><ref name="biofilms2">PMID: 17416647</ref>. Flagella may also be involved in functions other than motility<ref name="otherfunctions">PMID: 17920274</ref>.
Flagella (singular: flagellum) enable bacteria to swim towards sources of nutrition, and away from sources of toxins. Such directed motility is termed ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis chemotaxis]''. Rapid swimming helps [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrio Bdellovibrio] penetrate and parasitize their host bacteria, but flagella are not always essential for virulence<ref name="virulence1">PMID: 2152887</ref>. Flagella are important in responses to quorum sensing<ref name="quorum1">PMID: 15449604</ref> and biofilm formation<ref name="biofilms1">PMID: 19231189</ref><ref name="biofilms2">PMID: 17416647</ref>. Flagella may also be involved in functions other than motility<ref name="otherfunctions">PMID: 17920274</ref>.
*'''FlgA''' is essential for P-ring formation in ''Salmonella'' and ''E. coli''<ref>PMID: 27273476</ref>.
*'''FlgD''' is essential for hook assembly in ''Salmonella''<ref>PMID: 8157595</ref>.
*'''FlgE''' is the subunit of the hook that connects the basal body and the filament<ref>PMID: 36941455</ref>.
*'''FlgG''' is a rod protein in ''Salmonella''<ref>PMID: 15136044</ref>.
*'''FlgJ''' functions as a lytic beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase<ref>PMID: 25248745</ref>.
*'''FlgK''' and '''FlgL''' have a role in the smooth connectivity between the hook and the filament<ref>PMID: 29147015</ref>.
*'''FlhA''' serves as a docking platform for flagellar chaperones in complex with their filament-type substrates<ref>PMID: 34059784</ref>.
*'''FlhB''' is a component of the flagellar secretion system and has a role in protein export<ref>PMID: 23874605</ref>.
*'''FlhE''' acts as chaperone to regulate flow of proteins through the flagellar type III secretion system<ref>PMID: 22435757</ref>.
*'''FlhF''' is a signal recognition particle-like GTPase regulating flagellar number and polarity<ref>PMID: 32039533</ref>.
*'''FliD''' regulates filament assembly by chaperoning [[Flagellin]] proteins<ref>PMID: 27664419</ref>.  It is the component of the cap at the tip of the external filament<ref>PMID: 8683574</ref>.
*'''FliG''' is a cytoplasmic protein which binds to the transmembranal '''FliF''' to form the cytoplasmic flagellar ring<ref>PMID: 22670715</ref>.
*'''FliH''', '''FliI''' and '''FliJ''' make an ATPase complex which is part of the flagellar export apparatus<ref>PMID: 26916245</ref>.
*'''FliL''' is part of the motor stator in ''Helicobacter''<ref>PMID: 35046042</ref>.
*'''FliM''' is involved in the clockwise rotation of the flagellar motor<ref>PMID: 9356251</ref>.
*'''FliN''' with '''FliM''' and '''FliG''' form the switch complex that functions in flagellar assembly, rotation and switcing<ref>PMID: 16547037</ref>.
*'''FliP''', '''FliQ''' and '''FliR''' are  part of the membrane-embedded flagellar export apparatus<ref>PMID: 29076571</ref>.
*'''FliS''' is a flagellin specific type III secretion system chaperone that facilitates the export of flagellin<ref>PMID: 12620624</ref>.
*'''FliT''' is a flagellin specific type III secretion system chaperone that facilitates the export of FliD<ref>PMID: 22111876</ref>.
*'''FliY''' is part of the ''B. subtilis'' switch complex<ref>PMID: 1447979</ref>.
*'''FlcpA''' and '''FcpB''' are flagellar coiling proteins of leptospira<ref>PMID: 27113476</ref>,<ref>PMID: 29868490</ref> .


For further information, please see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia].
For further information, please see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia].
Line 5: Line 32:
can't get this journal thru umass:<ref name="flagrev1">PMID: 19081534</ref>
can't get this journal thru umass:<ref name="flagrev1">PMID: 19081534</ref>
-->
-->
The bacterial flagellum is made up of about 25 different proteins. There are only a few copies of some proteins, and tens of thousands of copies of the filament protein, FliC. The flagellum is made up of three major regions, as follows.


==Structure==
===Motor===
{| align='right' width='350px' border='0'
At the base of a bacterial flagellum is a reversible '''motor''', also called the '''basal body'''. The source of energy driving the motor is an electromotive gradient of, in some bacteria, protons (hydrogen ions, H<sup>+</sup>) or, in other bacteria, sodium ions (Na<sup>+</sup>). The  gradient has a higher concentration of ions outside the cell, and a lower concentration of ions inside the cell. Ions flow from outside to inside the bacterial cell, passing through the motor and driving its rotation by a mechanism which is poorly understood. <br />
| rowspan='2' | &nbsp;
| [[Image:Flagellum1 800px.jpg|350px]]
|-
| The bacterial flagellum consists of a filament, a universal joint ("hook"), and a motor ("basal body").
|}


The bacterial flagellum is made up of about 25 different proteins. There are only a few copies of some proteins, and tens of thousands of copies of the filament protein, FliC. The flagellum is made up of three major regions, as follows.
For more details see [[Flagellar biosynthetic protein]]


===Motor===
===Filament (Propeller)===
At the base of a bacterial flagellum is a reversible '''motor''', also called the '''basal body'''. The source of energy driving the motor is an electromotive gradient of, in some bacteria, protons (hydrogen ions, H<sup>+</sup>) or, in other bacteria, sodium ions (Na<sup>+</sup>). The  gradient has a higher concentration of ions outside the cell, and a lower concentration of ions inside the cell. Ions flow from outside to inside the bacterial cell, passing through the motor and driving its rotation by a mechanism which is poorly understood.
The [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|flagellar filament]] is a relatively rigid, helical rod, typically many times the length of the bacterial cell. Many motile bacteria, including ''Salmonella'', have multiple flagella extending from each cell. Rotation of the filaments by the motor is what propels the cell. [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|More...]]<br />


===Filament (Propeller) ===
For more details see  [[Flagellar proteins]] and [[Flagellar filament of bacteria]].
The [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|flagellar filament]] is a relatively rigid, helical rod, typically many times the length of the bacterial cell. Many motile bacteria, including ''Salmonella'', have multiple flagella extending from each cell. Rotation of the filaments by the motor is what propels the cell. [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|More...]]


===Hook (Universal Joint)===
===Hook (Universal Joint)===
The filament is attached to the motor with  the [[Flagellar hook of bacteria|flagellar hook]], which is a molecular [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_joint universal joint]. The hook is flexible, allowing the angle between the filament and the bacterial cell surface to change over a wide range. However, the hook efficiently transmits [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque torque] from the motor to the filament, causing it to rotate. [[Flagellar hook of bacteria|More...]]
The filament is attached to the motor with  the [[Flagellar hook of bacteria|flagellar hook]], which is a molecular [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_joint universal joint]. The hook is flexible, allowing the angle between the filament and the bacterial cell surface to change over a wide range. However, the hook efficiently transmits [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque torque] from the motor to the filament, causing it to rotate. <br />


{{Clear}}
For details see<br />
* [[Flagellar hook of bacteria]]<br />
* [[Samatey/5]]


==Assembly==
==Assembly==
<table border="0" align="right" width="320" cellpadding="5" style="color:white; background-color:#002a35;"><tr><td>
<table border="0" align="right" width="320" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"><tr><td rowspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td style="color:white; background-color:#002a35;">
<qt>file=FlagellarAssembly.mpeg|width=320|height=220|autoplay=false|controller=true</qt>
<html5media height="200" width="355">http://www.youtube.com/embed/N5Dv_u81Rw4</html5media>
</td></tr><tr><td>Assembly of the bacterial flagellum. Credit: [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/index.html <span style="color:#80c0ff;">Protonic Nanomachine Project</span>], used with
</td></tr><tr><td style="color:white; background-color:#002a35;">Assembly of the bacterial flagellum. Credit: [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/index.html <span style="color:#80c0ff;">Protonic Nanomachine Project</span>], used with
permission of [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/labo/09a.html <span style="color:#80c0ff;">Keiichi Namba, Osaka University</span>].</td></tr></table>
permission of [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/labo/09a.html <span style="color:#80c0ff;">Keiichi Namba, Osaka University</span>].</td></tr></table>
<!--{| align="right"
<!--{| align="right"
Line 43: Line 67:
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


==Flagellar Protein Structures==
==3D structures of flagellar protein==
 
[[Flagellar protein 3D structures]]
*[[1io1]]: Flagellin major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (FliC41).
*[[1ucu]]: R-type straight flagellar filament made of full-length flagellin.
*[[1wlg]]: Hook monomer major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (FlgE31).
*[[2zbi]]: Cell surface "flagellin" functioning as an alginate receptor, not forming filaments.
*[[3a5x]]: L-type straight flagellar filament made of full-length flagellin.


====Lists of Flagellar Structures====
====Lists of Flagellar Structures====
Line 72: Line 91:
<b>External Links</b>
<b>External Links</b>
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia]
*[http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/labo/09a.html Protonic Nanomachine Group, Osaka University]
*[http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/index.html MOVIES from the Protonic Nanomachine Project, Osaka University]


</StructureSection>
==References and Notes==
==References and Notes==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Topic Page]]

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Eric Martz, Fadel A. Samatey, Michal Harel, Joel L. Sussman, Jaime Prilusky
Retrieved from "https://proteopedia.openfox.io/w/Flagellar_protein"