Flagellar protein: Difference between revisions

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Eric Martz, Fadel A. Samatey, Michal Harel, Joel L. Sussman, Jaime Prilusky

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-Flagella (singular: flagellum) enable bacteria to swim towards sources of nutrition, and away from sources of toxins. Such directed motility is termed ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis chemotaxis]''. Rapid swimming helps [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrio Bdellovibrio] penetrate and parasitize their host bacteria. Flagella are important in responses to quorum sensing<ref name="quorum1">PMID: 15449604</ref> and biofilm formation<ref name="biofilms1">PMID: 19231189</ref><ref name="biofilms2">PMID: 17416647</ref>. Flagella may also be involved in functions other than motility<ref name="otherfunctions">PMID: 17920274</ref>.
+<StructureSection load='1io1' size='340' side='right' caption='Flagellin major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium''  (PDB code [[1io1]])' scene=''>
+__TOC__
-For further information, please see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia].
+==Function==
-Virulence? cf. <ref name="virulence1">PMID: 2152887</ref>(can't get this journal thru umass:<ref name="flagrev1">PMID: 19081534</ref>).
+[[Image:Flagellum1 800px.jpg|left|thumb|The bacterial flagellum consists of a filament, a universal joint (hook), and a motor (basal body).|200px]]<br />
+Flagella (singular: flagellum) enable bacteria to swim towards sources of nutrition, and away from sources of toxins. Such directed motility is termed ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis chemotaxis]''. Rapid swimming helps [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrio Bdellovibrio] penetrate and parasitize their host bacteria, but flagella are not always essential for virulence<ref name="virulence1">PMID: 2152887</ref>. Flagella are important in responses to quorum sensing<ref name="quorum1">PMID: 15449604</ref> and biofilm formation<ref name="biofilms1">PMID: 19231189</ref><ref name="biofilms2">PMID: 17416647</ref>. Flagella may also be involved in functions other than motility<ref name="otherfunctions">PMID: 17920274</ref>.
-==Structure==
+*'''FlgA''' is essential for P-ring formation in ''Salmonella'' and ''E. coli''<ref>PMID: 27273476</ref>.
-{| align='right' width='350px' border='0'
+*'''FlgD''' is essential for hook assembly in ''Salmonella''<ref>PMID: 8157595</ref>.
-| rowspan='2' | &nbsp;
+*'''FlgE''' is the subunit of the hook that connects the basal body and the filament<ref>PMID: 36941455</ref>.
-| [[Image:Flagellum1 800px.jpg|350px]]
+*'''FlgG''' is a rod protein in ''Salmonella''<ref>PMID: 15136044</ref>.
-|-
+*'''FlgJ''' functions as a lytic beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase<ref>PMID: 25248745</ref>.
-| The bacterial flagellum consists of a filament, a universal joint ("hook"), and a motor ("basal body").
+*'''FlgK''' and '''FlgL''' have a role in the smooth connectivity between the hook and the filament<ref>PMID: 29147015</ref>.
-|}
+*'''FlhA''' serves as a docking platform for flagellar chaperones in complex with their filament-type substrates<ref>PMID: 34059784</ref>.
+*'''FlhB''' is a component of the flagellar secretion system and has a role in protein export<ref>PMID: 23874605</ref>.
+*'''FlhE''' acts as chaperone to regulate flow of proteins through the flagellar type III secretion system<ref>PMID: 22435757</ref>.
+*'''FlhF''' is a signal recognition particle-like GTPase regulating flagellar number and polarity<ref>PMID: 32039533</ref>.
+*'''FliD''' regulates filament assembly by chaperoning [[Flagellin]] proteins<ref>PMID: 27664419</ref>.  It is the component of the cap at the tip of the external filament<ref>PMID: 8683574</ref>.
+*'''FliG''' is a cytoplasmic protein which binds to the transmembranal '''FliF''' to form the cytoplasmic flagellar ring<ref>PMID: 22670715</ref>.
+*'''FliH''', '''FliI''' and '''FliJ''' make an ATPase complex which is part of the flagellar export apparatus<ref>PMID: 26916245</ref>.
+*'''FliL''' is part of the motor stator in ''Helicobacter''<ref>PMID: 35046042</ref>.
+*'''FliM''' is involved in the clockwise rotation of the flagellar motor<ref>PMID: 9356251</ref>.
+*'''FliN''' with '''FliM''' and '''FliG''' form the switch complex that functions in flagellar assembly, rotation and switcing<ref>PMID: 16547037</ref>.
+*'''FliP''', '''FliQ''' and '''FliR''' are  part of the membrane-embedded flagellar export apparatus<ref>PMID: 29076571</ref>.
+*'''FliS''' is a flagellin specific type III secretion system chaperone that facilitates the export of flagellin<ref>PMID: 12620624</ref>.
+*'''FliT''' is a flagellin specific type III secretion system chaperone that facilitates the export of FliD<ref>PMID: 22111876</ref>.
+*'''FliY''' is part of the ''B. subtilis'' switch complex<ref>PMID: 1447979</ref>.
+*'''FlcpA''' and '''FcpB''' are flagellar coiling proteins of leptospira<ref>PMID: 27113476</ref>,<ref>PMID: 29868490</ref> .
+For further information, please see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia].
+<!--
+can't get this journal thru umass:<ref name="flagrev1">PMID: 19081534</ref>
+-->
 The bacterial flagellum is made up of about 25 different proteins. There are only a few copies of some proteins, and tens of thousands of copies of the filament protein, FliC. The flagellum is made up of three major regions, as follows.
-'''Motor:''' At the base of a bacterial flagellum is a reversible '''motor''', also called the '''basal body'''. The source of energy driving the motor is an electromotive gradient of, in some bacteria, protons (hydrogen ions, H<sup>+</sup>) or, in other bacteria, sodium ions (Na<sup>+</sup>). The  gradient has a higher concentration of ions outside the cell, and a lower concentration of ions inside the cell. Ions flow from outside to inside the bacterial cell, passing through the motor and driving its rotation by a mechanism which is poorly understood.
+===Motor===
+At the base of a bacterial flagellum is a reversible '''motor''', also called the '''basal body'''. The source of energy driving the motor is an electromotive gradient of, in some bacteria, protons (hydrogen ions, H<sup>+</sup>) or, in other bacteria, sodium ions (Na<sup>+</sup>). The  gradient has a higher concentration of ions outside the cell, and a lower concentration of ions inside the cell. Ions flow from outside to inside the bacterial cell, passing through the motor and driving its rotation by a mechanism which is poorly understood. <br />
-'''Filament:''' The [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|flagellar filament]] is a relatively rigid, helical rod, typically many times the length of the bacterial cell. Many motile bacteria, including ''Salmonella'', have multiple flagella extending from each cell. Rotation of the filaments by the motor is what propels the cell.
+For more details see [[Flagellar biosynthetic protein]]
-'''Hook:''' The filament is attached to the motor with  the [[Flagellar hook of bacteria|flagellar hook]], which is a molecular [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_joint universal joint]. The hook is flexible, allowing the angle between the filament and the bacterial cell surface to change over a wide range. However, the hook efficiently transmits [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque torque] from the motor to the filament, causing it to rotate.
+===Filament (Propeller)===
+The [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|flagellar filament]] is a relatively rigid, helical rod, typically many times the length of the bacterial cell. Many motile bacteria, including ''Salmonella'', have multiple flagella extending from each cell. Rotation of the filaments by the motor is what propels the cell. [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|More...]]<br />
-<font color="orange">
+For more details see  [[Flagellar proteins]] and [[Flagellar filament of bacteria]].
-Plan: make the image at right clickable, linking to articles on substructures.
-</font>
+===Hook (Universal Joint)===
+The filament is attached to the motor with  the [[Flagellar hook of bacteria|flagellar hook]], which is a molecular [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_joint universal joint]. The hook is flexible, allowing the angle between the filament and the bacterial cell surface to change over a wide range. However, the hook efficiently transmits [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque torque] from the motor to the filament, causing it to rotate. <br />
-{{Clear}}
+For details see<br />
+* [[Flagellar hook of bacteria]]<br />
+* [[Samatey/5]]
 ==Assembly==
+<table border="0" align="right" width="320" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"><tr><td rowspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td style="color:white; background-color:#002a35;">
+<html5media height="200" width="355">http://www.youtube.com/embed/N5Dv_u81Rw4</html5media>
+</td></tr><tr><td style="color:white; background-color:#002a35;">Assembly of the bacterial flagellum. Credit: [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/index.html <span style="color:#80c0ff;">Protonic Nanomachine Project</span>], used with
+permission of [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/labo/09a.html <span style="color:#80c0ff;">Keiichi Namba, Osaka University</span>].</td></tr></table>
+<!--{| align="right"
+|-
+|
+<imagemap>
+Image:Flagellum assembly frame from movie.png|frame|Click image for Movie.
+default [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/movie5.html]
+</imagemap>
+|}-->
 During assembly of the flagellum, its protein components are transported through hollow cores of the basal body, hook and filament, assembling at the end of the nascent flagellum<ref name="assembly1">PMID: 18931786</ref>. The [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/labo/09a.html Namba Group] has prepared a [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/movie5.html movie illustrating their understanding of the assembly process as of about 2004].
+{{Clear}}
+==3D structures of flagellar protein==
+[[Flagellar protein 3D structures]]
+====Lists of Flagellar Structures====
+These are automatically-generated lists of [[PDB codes]].
+*[[Special:Prefixindex/Category:Flagell]] includes categories beginning with ''Flagellar, Flagellin, Flagella, Flagellum''.
+*[[Special:Prefixindex/Category:Bacterial flagell]]
-==Flagellar Protein Structures==
+*[[:Category:Chlamydomonas flagella]]
+*[[:Category:The bacterial flagellar motor]]
+*[[:Category:Putative flagellar motor switch protein flin]]
-*[[1io1]]: Flagellin major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (FliC41).
+and there are undoubtedly other flagellum-related Categories ...
-*[[1wlg]]: Hook monomer major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (FlgE31).
-*[[2zbi]]: Cell surface "flagellin" functioning as an alginate receptor, not forming filaments.
 ==See Also==
@@ Line 42: / Line 87: @@
 *[[Flagellar filament of bacteria]]
 *[[Flagellar hook of bacteria]]
-*[[Samatey Group]] (article under development at [[Sandbox3 Eric Martz]]).
+*[[Fadel A. Samatey Group]]
 <b>External Links</b>
 *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia]
+*[http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/labo/09a.html Protonic Nanomachine Group, Osaka University]
+*[http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/index.html MOVIES from the Protonic Nanomachine Project, Osaka University]
+</StructureSection>
 ==References and Notes==
 <references />
+[[Category:Topic Page]]