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== Function ==
== Function ==


[[Tubulin]] (TUB) is a constituent of microtubules in eukaryotes.  Microtubules are assembled from dimers of '''α-tubulin''' (TUBA) and '''β-tubulin''' (TUBB) bound to GTP. See also [[Beta tubulin]].  '''γ-tubulin''' (TUBG) is part of the nucleation of microtubules<ref>PMID:11297925</ref>. Human TUB contains several numbered subtypes.  '''FtsZ'''  (Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z) is a prokaryotic homologue of TUB<ref>PMID:26463348</ref>. See [[Cell division protein]] and [[Beta tubulin]].
[[Tubulin]] (TUB) is a constituent of microtubules in eukaryotes.  Microtubules are assembled from dimers of '''α-tubulin''' (TUBA) and '''β-tubulin''' (TUBB) bound to GTP. '''γ-tubulin''' (TUBG) is part of the nucleation of microtubules<ref>PMID:11297925</ref>. Human TUB contains several numbered subtypes.  Tubulin filaments are stabilized by taxol and zampanolide.  '''FtsZ'''  (Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z) is a prokaryotic homologue of TUB<ref>PMID:26463348</ref>. See [[Cell division protein]] and [[Beta tubulin]].


== Relevance ==
== Relevance ==


The chemotherapeutic drug Taxol interacts with TUBB.  See [[Molecular Playground/Taxol]].  TUBA and TUBB expression in polyps of invasive colon cancer is different from normal<ref>PMID:16101133</ref>.
The chemotherapeutic drug Taxol interacts with TUBB.  See [[Molecular Playground/Taxol]].  TUBA and TUBB expression in polyps of invasive colon cancer is different from normal<ref>PMID:16101133</ref>.
See [[Paclitaxel]].


== Disease ==
== Disease ==
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== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==
*<scene name='43/430888/Cv/6'>γ-tubulin interactions with GTP and Mg+2 ion</scene> ([[1z5w]]).
*<scene name='43/430888/Cv/6'>γ-tubulin interactions with GTP and Mg+2 ion</scene> ([[1z5w]]).
</StructureSection>
== 3D Structures of Tubulin ==
== 3D Structures of Tubulin ==
[[Tubulin 3D Structures]]


Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
</StructureSection>
{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
 
*α-tubulin
 
**[[2bto]] – PdTUBA+thioredoxin 1 – ''Prosthecobacter dejongeii''<br />
**[[2e4h]] – hTUBA C terminal + restin CAP-Gly domain 2 – human<br />
 
*α-tubulin + β-tubulin
 
**[[1jff]] - bTUBA+bTUBB - bovine<br />
**[[3j6f]] - pTUBA+pTUBB – pig - Cryo EM <br />
**[[3j6e]], [[6evw]] - pTUBA+pTUBB +GMPCPP – Cryo EM <br />
**[[6dpu]] - pTUBA+pTUBB +GMPCPP + GTP – Cryo EM <br />
**[[3j7i]] - pTUBA+pTUBB + GTP – Cryo EM<br />
**[[6evx]], [[6evy]], [[6evz]], [[6ew0]], [[6dpv]], [[6dpw]] - pTUBA+pTUBB + GTP + GDP - Cryo EM<br />
**[[1tub]] - pTUBA+pTUBB – electron diffraction<br />
**[[2btq]] – PdTUBA+PdTUBB<br />
**[[5w3f]] - yTUBA+yTUBB + GDP + GTP - yeast<br />
**[[5w3j]] - yTUBA+yTUBB (mutant) + GDP + GTP + taxol<br />
**[[5ubq]], [[5ucy]] - TUBA+ TUBB  – ''Tetrahymena thermophila'' - Cryo EM <br />
 
*α-tubulin + β-tubulin complexes with stathmin-4
 
**[[3hkb]], [[3hkc]], [[3hkd]], [[3hke]], [[3n2g]], [[3n2k]], [[3ryc]], [[3ryf]], [[3ryh]], [[3ryi]], [[4eb6]] – sTUBA+sTUBB+stathmin-4 – sheep<br />
**[[4f61]] - sTUBA+sTUBB+stathmin-like protein R4<br />
**[[3ut5]] - sTUBA+sTUBB+stathmin-4 + vinca peptide<br />
**[[4eb6]] - sTUBA+sTUBB+stathmin-4<br />
**[[4f6r]] - sTUBA+sTUBB+stathmin-like protein R1 + ankyrin repeat protein<br />
**[[3du7]], [[3e22]], [[1z2b]], [[1sa0]], [[1sa1]], [[1ffx]] – bTUBA1C+bTUBB2B+stathmin-4<br />
**[[5lp6]] – bTUBA1B +bTUBB2B +stathmin-4 + protein<br />
**[[5la6]], [[5m7e]], [[5bmv]], [[5lov]], [[5lxt]], [[5lxj]], [[5m7e]], [[5m7g]], [[5m8d]], [[5m8g]], [[5mf4]], [[5ov7]], [[5lxs]], [[5xlt]], [[5o7a]], [[5xlt]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+stathmin-4 + protein + GDP + GTP + ATP derivative + inhibitor<br />
**[[5njh]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+stathmin-4 + protein + GDP + GTP + ATP derivative + triazolopyrimidine<br />
 
*α-tubulin + β-tubulin complexes with stathmin-4 and tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL)
 
**[[4iij]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+stathmin-4 + TTL<br />
**[[4o2a]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+stathmin-4 + TTL + GDP + GTP + ADP + drug<br />
**[[4ihj]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+stathmin-4 + TTL + ADP<br />
**[[6i5c]], [[4i55]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+stathmin-4 + TTL + GDP + GTP + ATP derivative<br />
**[[5jh7]], [[5xaf]], [[5xag]], [[5xlz]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+stathmin-4 + TTL + GDP + GTP + ATP derivative + drug<br />
**[[4x1i]], [[4x1k]], [[4x1y]], [[4x20]], [[5eyp]] - sTUBA+bTUBB+stathmin-4 + TTL + GDP + GTP + drug<br />
**[[5kx5]] - sTUBA+sTUBB+stathmin-4 + TTL + GDP + GTP + ADP + inhibitor<br />
**[[5iyz]], [[5j2t]], [[5j2u]], [[4tv9]], [[4yj2]], [[4yj3]], [[2xrp]] – bTUBAB1 +bTUBBB2 +stathmin-4 + TTL + GDP + GTP + ATP derivative + auristatin anti-mitotics<br />
**[[4o2b]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+stathmin-4 + TTL + drug<br />
**[[5xp3]] – pTUBAB1 +pTUBBB2 +stathmin-4 + TTL + GDP + GTP + ATP derivative <br />
**[[4tuy]], [[4o4h]], [[4o4i]], [[4o4j]], [[4o4l]], [[4i50]], [[4i4t]], [[4tv8]], [[4zhq]], [[4zi7]], [[4zol]] – pTUBAB1 +pTUBBB2 +stathmin-4 + TTL + GDP + GTP + ATP derivative + fungicide<br />
**[[6d88]], [[6br1]], [[6brf]], [[6bry]], [[6bs2]], [[5yl2]], [[5ylj]], [[5yls]], [[5xhc]], [[5xi5]], [[5xi7]] – pTUBAB1 +pTUBBB2 +stathmin-4 + TTL + GDP + GTP + ATP derivative + inhibitor<br />
**[[5xiw]], [[5xke]], [[5xkf]], [[5xkg]], [[5xkh]] – pTUBAB1 +pTUBBB2 +stathmin-4 + TTL + GDP + GTP + drug<br />
**[[5yl4]] – pTUBAB1 +pTUBBB2 +stathmin-4 + TTL + GDP + GTP + ATP derivative + drug<br />
 
*α-tubulin + β-tubulin complex with kinesin
 
**[[4lnu]] - sTUBA+sTUBB + ankyrin repeat protein + GDP + GTP + kinesin heavy chain <br />
**[[2wbe]] – bTUBA1D+bTUBB2B+kinesin+AMPPNP <br />
**[[3dco]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+kinesin-like NOD<br />
**[[4ck5]], [[4ck6]], [[4ck7]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+kinesin-like KIF11 motor domain<br />
**[[5mio]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+kinesin-like KIF2C motor domain<br />
**[[5hnw]], [[5hnx]], [[5hny]], [[5hnz]] – bTUBAB1 +bTUBBB2 +kinesin-14 + GDP + GTP + taxol<br />
**[[3edl]] - bTUBA1D+bTUBB2B+kinesin motor domain<br />
**[[4hna]] - bTUBA+bTUBB + kinesin heavy chain + ankyrin repeat protein<br />
**[[4uxo]], [[4uxp]], [[4uxr]], [[4uxs]], [[4uxy]] - bTUBA+bTUBB + kinesin motor domain + GDP + GTP + taxol – Cryo EM<br />
**[[4uxt]], [[4uy0]] - bTUBA+bTUBB + kinesin heavy chain + GDP + GTP + taxol – Cryo EM<br />
**[[3j2u]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+kinesin-like KLP10A head domain<br />
**[[2p4n]] - hTUBA+hTUBB+kinesin heavy chain<br />
**[[2hxf]], [[6b0c]] - pTUBA+pTUBB+kinesin-like KIF1A+AMPPNP - Cryo EM<br />
**[[3j6h]] - pTUBA+pTUBB +GMPCPP + kinesin heavy chain – Cryo EM <br />
**[[3j8x]] - pTUBA+pTUBB +GDP + GTP + kinesin heavy chain – Cryo EM <br />
**[[3j8y]] - pTUBA+pTUBB +GDP + GTP + ATP + kinesin heavy chain – Cryo EM <br />
**[[2hxh]] - pTUBA+pTUBB+kinesin-like KIF1A+ADP<br />
**[[1ia0]] - pTUBA+pTUBB+kinesin-like KIF1A+ATP<br />
**[[6boi]] - pTUBA+pTUBB + kinesin-like KLP10A + GDP + GTP + taxol – Cryo EM<br />
**[[6b0l]] - pTUBA+pTUBB + kinesin-like KLP10A + GDP + GTP + AMPPNP + taxol – Cryo EM<br />
**[[4aqv]], [[4aqw ]]- bTUBA+bTUBB+kinesin-like KIF11 – Cryo EM<br />
**[[5nd3]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+kinesin-like KIF20A + GDP + GTP – Cryo EM<br />
**[[5nd2]], [[5nd4]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+kinesin-like KIF20A + GDP + GTP + ADP – Cryo EM<br />
**[[5nd7]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+kinesin-like KIF20A + AMPPNP – Cryo EM<br />
**[[6bbn]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+kinesin-like KIF2A + DARPIN + AMPPNP + GDP + GTP<br />
**[[4atx]] - bTUBA1D+bTUBB2B+kinesin motor domain – Cryo EM<br />
**[[5m5i]], [[5m5l]], [[5m5m]], [[5m5n]], [[5m5o]] - bTUBA1D+bTUBB2B+kinesin-5 motor domain + AMPPNP – Cryo EM<br />
**[[5o09]] - TUBA+TUBB +GDP + GTP + kinesin light chain – ''Prosthecobacter dejongeii'' - Cryo EM <br />
 
*α-tubulin + β-tubulin other complexes
 
**[[4drx]] - sTUBA+sTUBB + ankyrin repeat protein<br />
**[[1tvk]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+GDP+GTP+Epothilone A – electron crystallography<br />
**[[3iz0]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+hNDC80/SPC25+hNUF2/SPC24 – electron microscopy<br />
**[[3j1t]], [[3j1u]] - bTUBA+bTUBB+ dynein<br />
**[[3j6p]] - pTUBA+pTUBB +GTP + GDP + taxol + dynein heavy chain – Cryo EM<br />
**[[3j6g]] - pTUBA+pTUBB +GTP + GDP + taxol – Cryo EM <br />
**[[6cvj]], [[6cvn]] - pTUBA+pTUBB + GTP + GDP + tau protein – Cryo EM <br />
**[[5kmg]] - pTUBA+pTUBB + protein regulator + GTP + GDP – Cryo EM <br />
**[[6bjc]] - pTUBA+pTUBB + targeting protein for Xklp2 + GTP + GMPCPP – Cryo EM <br />
**[[4abo]] - pTUBA+pTUBB+ microtubule integrity protein MAL3<br />
**[[4atu]] - bTUBA1D+bTUBB2B+doublecortin – Cryo EM<br />
**[[5nqu]], [[5nqt]] - bTUBA+bTUBB + ankyrin repeat protein + GDP + GTP<br />
**[[5nm5]] - bTUBA+bTUBB + ankyrin repeat protein + GDP + GTP + colchicine<br />
**[[5m50]], [[5m54]], [[5m5c]] - bTUBA+bTUBB + calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein + GDP + GTP - Cryo EM<br />
**[[4ffb]], [[4u3j]] - yTUBA+TUBB (mutant) + protein STU2 <br />
 
*γ-tubulin
 
**[[3cb2]] – hTUBG1+GDP<br />
**[[1z5v]] - hTUBG1+GTPgS<br />
**[[1z5w]] - hTUBG1+GTP<br />
**[[3rip]] – hTUBG4<br />


}}
== References ==
== References ==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Alexander Berchansky, Michal Harel, Joel L. Sussman
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